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Öğe 1H-Benzimidazole-5-carboxamidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, DFT and antimicrobial studies(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2020) Erol, Meryem; Celik, Ismail; Temiz-Arpaci, Ozlem; Goker, Hakan; Kaynak-Onurdag, Fatma; Okten, SuzanIn this study, 15 new N-(cyclohexyl)-2-substituted-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxamidine derivatives that could be new antimicrobial agents were synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were determined using the microdilution method. Some of the derivatives showed significant efficacy against MRSA and VREF with an MIC value of 8 mu g mL(-1) compared to reference drugs. Molecular docking studies of the compounds against PBP4 and active and allosteric regions of PBP2a were performed and estimated ADME profiles were calculated. The nitrogens of the amidine group of M7, one of the most effective antimicrobial compounds compared to reference drugs, formed two separate hydrogen bonds with ASP275 (1.77 angstrom) and ASP295 (1.83 angstrom) in the allosteric region of PBP2a. Geometric optimization parameters, MEP analysis, and HUMO and LUMO quantum parameters of M7 were calculated using DFT/B3LYP theory and the 6-311G(d,p) basis set and the results are displayed.Öğe Airborne fungi and bacteria in indoor and outdoor environment of the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital(Springer, 2012) Okten, Suzan; Asan, AhmetThis study was performed between January 2004 and December 2004 in 13 stations in the Pediatric Unit of Edirne Government Hospital in order to determine the outdoor and indoor airborne microfungal and bacterial contents. The results of air samplings revealed that 1,376 microfungal and 2,429 bacterial colonies in total were isolated. The isolated microfungal specimens were identified and 65 species from 16 genera were determined. Among these, the most frequent genus was Cladosporium with 462 colonies (33.58%) followed by Alternaria with 310 (22.53%) and Penicillium with 280 (20.35%) colonies. The isolated bacterial samples were grouped based on their Gram-staining properties. The most frequent ones were Gram (+) cocci with 1,527 colonies (62.87%) followed by Gram (+) bacilli with 828 colonies (34.09%) and Gram (-) bacilli with 74 colonies (3.05%). Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Microccus appeared to be the common genera isolated for all months. Statistical analyses were performed in order to see if there existed a relationship between meteorological conditions and the microfungal and bacterial species and their concentrations.Öğe Airborne microfungi in Oncology Service of Medical School Hospital of Trakya University(Sage Publications Ltd, 2015) Okten, Suzan; Sen, Burhan; Asan, Ahmet; Bahadir, NurcanThis study was performed in six different stations - drug preparation, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and three different patient rooms - in Oncology Service of Trakya University Medical Hospital in Edirne. Indoor air samples of equal volumes of 100 L were taken twice a month during the six-month study period. The analysis of samples showed that 8540 microfungi colonies were present in a total of 7.2 m(3) air sample. November and April were found to be the months during which the highest numbers of fungal spores were isolated with 2570 CFU/m(3) and 2060 CFU/m(3), respectively, while the lowest spore counts were isolated during January (730 CFU/m(3)). Penicillium was found to be the most commonly isolated fungal genus with 2950 CFU/m(3)/spore followed by Cladosporium with 2110 CFU/m(3). The other fungal genera isolated during the study are Aspergillus (640 CFU/m(3)), Alternaria (200 CFU/m(3)), Trichoderma (70 CFU/m(3)) and Rhizopus (40 CFU/m(3)). Among the most frequently isolated fungal species, Penicillium brevicompactum was the most common species with 960 CFU/m(3) followed by Cladosporium cladosporioides with 930 CFU/m(3). Aspergillus fumigatus, the fungal species of paramount importance in terms of human health, was also reported with a 410 CFU/m(3). Statistical analyses were performed in order to reveal the relationship between microfungal colony numbers isolated and station temperature and relative humidity.Öğe Aspergillus alliaceus, a new potential biological control of the root parasitic weed Orobanche(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Aybeke, Mehmet; Sen, Burhan; Okten, SuzanDuring extensive surveys in fields heavily infested by broomrape in the Trakya Region-Turkey, a different new fungus, Aspergillus alliaceus, was isolated from the infected broomrape. It is aimed to investigate whether or not it is really a pathogen for Orobanche. The fungi was exposed to a greenhouse environment in order to assess its pathogenicity and virulence against Orobanche cernua. In addition, infection tests on Orobanche seeds were also performed under laboratory conditions. The fungus was subjected using two different methods, exposure to a liquid culture with conidial solution and a sclerotial solid culture with fungal mycelia. Cytological studies were carried out at light, TEM and SEM levels. The results show that the sclerotial solid culture with fungal mycelia quickly caused necrosis and was more effective than the other type. It also greatly diminished attachments, tubercles, and caused the emergence of shoots and an increase in the total shoot number of Orobanche. In addition, both when the fungi was exposed to both soil and used to contaminate sunflower seeds, its pathogenicity was more effective. Consequently, it was determined that A. alliaceus was an effective potential biological control of broomrape throughout its life cycle from dormant seed to mature plant.Öğe Design, synthesis, molecular docking, density functional theory and antimicrobial studies of some novel benzoxazole derivatives as structural bioisosteres of nucleotides(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Erol, Meryem; Celik, Ismail; Temiz-Arpaci, Ozlem; Kaynak-Onurdag, Fatma; Okten, SuzanA series of some novel 2-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(3-substituted-propionamido)benzoxazole derivatives have been designed, synthesized, evaluated for antimicrobial activity and have performed molecular docking studies against penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) and active and allosteric site of PBP2a; were calculated some theoretical quantum parameters and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) descriptors. B9 acted at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 8 mu g/mL against S. aureus, E. faecalis and their drug-resistant isolates and also formed with GLU145 (1.74 angstrom) and ILE144 (1.89 angstrom) two hydrogen bonds at allosteric site of PBP2a with Glide emodel score: -42.168. Delta E of compound B9 had moderate value of all compounds with 0.14742. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. SarmaÖğe Edirne İli Söğütlük Ormanı Toprağından İzole Edilen Aspergillus Türlerinin Biyoçeşitliliği(2018) Ayan, Eda Gizem; Asan, Ahmet; Sen, Burhan; Okten, SuzanÇalışmamızda, Edirne ili orman topraklarından izole edilen Aspergillus türlerinin morfolojik-koloniyal ve moleküler yöntemlerle teşhis edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Edirne Söğütlük Ormanından, 2016 yılı Mart ayında Brown’un metodu kullanılarak toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Topraktan fungus izolasyonu için “Toprağı Sulandırma Metodu” kullanılmıştır. Morfolojik çalışmalar için CZ, CYA, CY20S, MEA besiyerlerine yapılan ekimlerden sonra, mikroskobik ve makroskobik karakterler incelenmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalar için ise sırasıyla DNA izolasyonu, calmodulin gen bölgesini hedefleyen PCR işlemleri, PCR ürününün saflaştırılması, dizi analizi ve filogenetik analiz aşamaları uygulanmıştır. Çalışmalar sonucunda 7 adet Aspergillus türü tespit edilmiştir. Bu türler, Aspergillus affinis (Türkiye için yeni kayıt), Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus dimorphicus , Aspergillus europaeus (Türkiye için yeni kayıt), Aspergillus spelaeus (Türkiye için yeni kayıt) ve Aspergillus fischeri’dir.Öğe Effect of Phenylalanine-arginine-beta-naphthylamide to Ciprofloxacin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Values and Expression of Efflux Pump System Genes in Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates(Ankara Microbiology Soc, 2021) Onurdag, Fatma Kaynak; Kayis, Ugur; Okten, SuzanThe most realistic approach in recent years is researching the resistance inhibition rather than synthesizing new compounds. In this study, we aimed to determine i) the effect of phenylalanine-argininebeta-naphthylamide (PA beta N), on minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin (CIP), ii) to obtain the CIP+PA beta N concentration that inhibits CIP resistance and iii) to show that this inhibition is caused by the effect of PA beta N on the expression of efflux pump ( EF) system genes. Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected from Trakya University Hospital. In 67 isolates determined to be resistant to CIP, CIP susceptibility was investigated in presence of PA beta N once again. Isolates determined to have four or more fold decrease in ciprofloxacin MIC values were included in checkerboard assay and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrRT-PCR). Fractional inhibition concentrations (FICs) were calculated through the PA beta N concentrations that inhibit ciprofloxacin resistance, by the checkerboard assay results. With the combination of CIP+PA beta N, the effect of the concentrations at which inhibition occurs, to the expression levels of EF system genes (adeA, adeB, adeR, adeS, adeF, adeG, adeH, adeL) was investigated by qrRT-PCR. By the checker board assay, a synergistic effect was determined between PA beta N and CIP in 11 isolates, while in other isolates the effect was determined to be additive. In some isolates resistant to CIP, CIP + PA beta N combination inhibited the resistance and increased CIP susceptibility. In the presence of 25 mg/L and 100 mg/L PA beta N, 22 (32.83%) and 27 (40.3%) of 67 isolates became sensitive to CIP, respectively. In seven isolates, 12.5 mu g/ml PA beta N concentration eliminated CIP resistance by decreasing CIP MIC value to 1 mu g/ml. Also, in one isolate the MIC value was 0.5 mu g/ml in the presence of 25 mu g/ml PA beta N and 1 mu g/ml in the presence of 1.5625 mu g/ml PA beta N. After analyzing the expression levels of EF genes (adeA, adeB, adeC, adeF, adeG, adeH, adeL, adeR and adeS) by the qRt-PCR method, it was determined that with the addition of PA beta N to media containing CIP, the expression levels of the genes decreased (p< 0.05). The aim of the study has been achieved with the results obtained. These results highlighted the importance of research on the inhibition of resistance, as well as the synthesis of new antimicrobial compounds. Combined use of inhibitors and antibiotics should be considered as an alternative treatment method. Thus, existing antibiotics can be included in the treatment again, saving time and money. It will be possible to use these findings in further studies to elucidate the mechanism of action of new inhibitor candidate compounds and associate them with the expression of DAP genes, also by investigating mutations in the regulatory gene regions in isolates with over-expression levels.Öğe Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey(Springer, 2017) Demirel, Rasime; Sen, Burhan; Kadaifciler, Duygu; Yoltas, Aysegul; Okten, Suzan; Ozkale, Evrim; Berikten, DeryaPathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).Öğe Investigation of indoor molds and allergic diseases in public primary schools in Edirne city of Turkey(Allergy Immunol Soc Thailand,, 2011) Celtik, Coskun; Okten, Suzan; Okutan, Ozlem; Aydogdu, Halide; Bostancioglu, Musa; Ekuklu, Galip; Asan, AhmetBackground: Studies evaluating the role of indoor molds in the development of allergic or respiratory symptoms in schools are few in childhood. Objective: This study aimed to investigate relation between indoor molds and allergic diseases or respiratory symptoms in primary school's children in Edirne, Turkey. Methods: Ten public primary schools were included into the study. A thorough assessment, using a questionnaire and inspection surveys was carried out. The concentration of culturable mold was assessed in the dust samples in the schools. Indoor temperature and humidity were measured. A total of 1374 students who completed valid questionnaires were included in the study, and dust-samples were collected from the schools. Results: Cumulative and current prevalence rates of wheezing, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis were found as 31.4%, 9.3%, 16.2%, 6.0% and 13.4%, 11.9%, 15.1%, 2.1%, respectively. The most frequent mold-species detected in indoor dusts were Cladosporium, Penicillium, Alternaria and Aspergillus. Although the prevalence rates of allergic diseases and respiratory symptoms were high, indoor mold amounts were low in the schools in our region and no significant correlation was determined between indoor mold amount and the prevalence of these diseases in schools or classrooms. Conclusion: Even though allergic molds are present in schools, the mold-exposure may not be an important predisposing factor for development of allergic and respiratory diseases the schools in our region. (Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2011;29:42-9)Öğe Is next generation sequencing an alternative to cultivation-based methods for investigating fungal diversity in indoor air samples?(Springer, 2020) Okten, Suzan; Sen, Burhan; Onurdag, Fatma Kaynak; Kolukirik, Mustafa; Asan, AhmetThe direct effect of fungi on human health makes the fungal diversity in the air an important and necessary subject for examination. Studies that determine fungal diversity generally depends on culture methods. Developed culture-independent methods eliminate many disadvantages of existing culture-dependent methods. In our study, duplicate air samples were collected on 5 different days at a Microbiology Research Laboratory to compare these methods. Samples were collected in 3 different groups: (A) culture method and ITS-targeted Sanger DNA sequencing with 100 L samples, (B) culture method and ITS-targeted Sanger DNA sequencing with 1000 L samples, (C) filter method and next generation sequencing with 1000 L air sample. The Groups A, B and C defines culture, isolation and SANGER DNA-based methods, culture and next generation sequencing methods and directly next generation sequencing methods, respectively. Method-A failed to represent real fungal diversity. Method-B did represent the diversity but did not truly represent relative abundance of the species. Method-C can be completed in 2 days whereas Method-A and B can be completed in 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively. In conclusion, we recommend direct DNA isolation which is followed by ITS-targeted NGS in order to study fungal diversity in indoor air environments.Öğe Mycological contamination in dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey(Springer, 2013) Kadaifciler, Duygu Goksay; Okten, Suzan; Sen, BurhanStudies on dental units (DUs) are conducted either for the prevention or the reduction of the density of bacterial contamination in dental unit waterlines (DUWLs). However, the existence of fungi in the these systems requires more attention. During dental treatment, direct contact with water contaminated with fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, or inhalation of aerosols from high-speed drill may cause various respiratory infections, such as asthma, allergies, and wounds on mucose membranes, especially on immunocompromised patients and dentists. The aims of this study are to investigate the number and colonization of fungi in DUWLs in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. Water samples were collected from air-water syringes, high-speed drills, and inlet waters from 41 DUs. The aerobic mesophilic fungi count in high-speed drills was higher than inlet waters and air-water syringes. Non-sporulating fungi were found in 7 DUs. The isolated fungi were identified as Penicillium waksmanii, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Candida famata, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida guilliermondii, Penicillium verrucosum, Aspergillus pseudoglaucus, Penicillium decumbens, and Acremonium sp. Some of these fungal genera are known as opportunistic pathogens that led to respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinits. This study shows the importance of regular control of mycological contamination on water at DUs.Öğe A NOVEL BIOSENSOR BASED ON Lactobacillus acidophilus FOR DETERMINATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN MILK PRODUCTS AND WASTEWATER(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2011) Sagiroglu, Ayten; Paluzar, Hatice; Ozcan, Hakki Mevlut; Okten, Suzan; Sen, BurhanDifferent branches of industry need to use phenolic compounds (PCs) in their production, so determination of PCs sensitively, accurately, rapidly, and economically is very important. For the sensitive determination of PCs, some biosensors based on pure polyphenol oxidase, plant tissu, e and microorganisms were developed before. But there has been no study to develop a microbial phenolic compounds biosensor based on Lactobacillus species, which contain polyphenol oxidase enzyme. In this study, we used different forms of Lactobacillus species as enzyme sources of biosensor and compared biosensor performances of these forms for determination of PCs. For this purpose, we used lyophilized Lactobacillus cells (containing L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus), pure L. acidophilus, pure L. bulgaricus, and L. acidophilus-and L. bulgaricus adapted to catechol in Lactobacilli MRS Broth. The most suitable form was determined and optimization studies of the biosensor were carried out by using this form. For preparing the bioactive layer of the biosensor, the Lactobacillus cells were immobilized in gelatin by using glutaraldehyde. In the study, we used catechol as a substrate. Phenolic compound determination is based on the assay of the differences on the respiration activity of the cells on the oxygen meter in the absence and the presence of catechol. The microbial biosensor response depends directly on catechol concentration between 0.5 and 5.0 mM with 18 min response time. In the optimization studies of the microbial biosensor the most suitable microorganism amount was found to be 10 mg, and also phosphate buffer (pH 8.0; 50 mM) and 37.5 degrees C were obtained as the optimum working conditions. In the characterization studies of the microbial biosensor some parameters such as substrate specificity on the biosensor response and operational and storage stability were examine. Furthermore, the determination of PC levels in synthetic wastewater, industrial wastewater, and milk products was investigated by using the developed biosensor under optimum conditions.Öğe Pesta granule trials with Aspergillus alliaceus for the biocontrol of Orobanche spp.(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Aybeke, Mehmet; Sen, Burhan; Okten, SuzanThe pathogenic fungus Aspergillus alliaceus has been shown to have potential for the biocontrol of Orobanche spp. (broomrape), a root parasitic plant. The effectiveness of A. alliaceus in reducing Orobanche infection was analysed using pesta granules prepared with different food formulations. The results showed that pesta granules comprising of fungal mycelia/spore mixtures from liquid and solid culture, sclerotia and fungal mycelia reduced Orobanche infection to a greater extent in below ground conditions when applied early and at high doses before crop sowing. In addition, pesta granules eliminated the risk of broomrape contamination within a 0.2-0.3 cm diameter of the granules. The sclerotial pathogenicity of A. alliaceus was compared with those of other fungi reported in other studies. In addition, some morphological and histological studies on the fungal pathogenicity on broomrape plants after infection are presented. The present study reveals the potential of sclerotial A. alliaceus pesta granule applications for long-term broomrape biocontrol under field conditions.Öğe Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of novel 5-substituted-2-(p-tert-butylphenyl)benzoxazoles(Natl Inst Science Communication & Information Resources-Niscair, 2018) Tasci, Meryem; Temiz-Arpaci, Ozlem; Kaynak-Onurdag, Fatma; Okten, SuzanIn the present study, a series of nine novel 5-substituted-2-(p-tert-butylphenyl)benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesized and their structures confirmed by spectral techniques and also tested for their antimicrobial activities. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the new benzoxazoles have been determined against standard bacterial and fungal strains and drug-resistant isolates and compared to those of several reference drugs. The new benzoxazole derivatives are found to possess a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity with MIC values of 8-256 mu g/mL. Especially, compound 9 is more active than standard drugs ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against E. coli isolate with a MIC value of 8 mu g/mL. Also new compounds are less active than fluconazole with a MIC value of 256 mu g/mL against C. albicans and its isolate except for compound 9 that shows better activity other compounds with a MIC value of >4 mu g/mL for their antifungal activity.Öğe SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME NOVEL SULFONYLAMIDO-BENZOXAZOLES(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2016) Temiz-Arpaci, Ozlem; Doganc, Fatma; Sac, Duygu; Sari, Elmas; Kaynak-Onurdag, Fatma; Okten, SuzanA series of 2-(p-substituted phenyl)-5-[(4-substituted phenyl) sulfonylamido]-benzoxazoles were synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activities. The structures of the new derivatives were elucidated by spectral techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the new benzoxazoles were determined against standard bacterial and fungal strains and drug-resistant isolates and compared to those of several reference drugs.Öğe SYNTHESIS AND ANTITUBERCULAR ACTIVITY OF OFLOXACIN DERIVATIVES(Editura Acad Romane, 2018) Dundar, Yasemin; Ulger, Mahmut; Kaynak Onurdag, Fatma; Okten, Suzan; Onkol, TijenA series of novel ofloxacin derivatives were prepared and screened for their antimycobacterial activity. Among the synthesized compounds, 2, 3, 18, 19, 26 exhibited significant antimycobacterial activity. Additionally, all synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity.Öğe Synthesis and molecular docking studies of some novel antimicrobial benzamides(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2020) Acar, Cemre; Yalcin, Gozde; Ertan-Bolelli, Tugba; Onurdag, Fatma Kaynak; Okten, Suzan; Sener, Funda; Yildiz, IlkayCommon use of classical antibiotics has caused to the growing emergence of many resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize a number of N-(2-hydroxy-(4 or 5)-nitrophenyl)benzamide derivatives as a new class of antimicrobial compounds. Moreover, our second goal is to predict the interaction between active structures and enzymes (DNA-gyrase and FtsA) in the binding mode. In this study, thirteen N-(2-hydroxy-(4 or 5-nitrophenyl)-substituted-benzamides were synthesized and determined for their antimicrobial activity using the microdilution method. According to this work, none of the compounds showed any activity against Candida albicans and its clinical isolate. Some of the benzamides (4N1, 5N1, 5N2) displayed very significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and MSSA with < 4 mu g/ml MIC value, even they were found to be more potent than ceftazidime. 4N1 was also found to be more effective than gentamicin against Enterococcus faecalis clinical isolate. Molecular docking studies revealed that 4N1, 5N1, and 5N2 showed a good interactions with DNA-gyrase. Moreover, 5N1 has interacted with FtsA enzyme in the binding mode, as well. Only compound 5N4 displayed very good activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. These findings showed us that 4N1, 5N1, 5N2, and 5N4 could be lead compounds to discover new antibacterial candidates against multidrug-resistant strains.Öğe Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activities of New Sulfonamidobenzoxazoles and Molecular Docking Studies on Escherichia coli TEM-1 ?-Lactamase(Croatian Chemical Soc, 2017) Ertan-Bolelli, Tugba; Bolelli, Kayhan; Okten, Suzan; Kaynak-Onurdag, Fatma; Aki-Yalcin, Esin; Yalcin, Ismailbeta-Lactam antibiotics are frequently used for treatment of multi-drug resistant microbial infections and the most common mechanism of resistance against these antibiotics is bacterial beta-lactamase production. Herein, we reported the design, synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activities of some new 2-substituted-5-(2,4-dinitrophenylsulfonamido) benzoxazole derivatives. Compounds TN1, TN2, and TN3 were found to be significantly active against E. coli isolate which contains extended spectrum beta-lactamase enzyme at the MIC value of 8 mu g mL(-1) and that is 4-fold higher than the reference drug ampicillin. We performed molecular docking studies into active site of Escherichia coli TEM-1 beta-lactamase enzyme in order to predict the protein-ligand interactions. According to the docking results, compounds TN1, TN2, and TN3 showed strong interactions between the important active site residues which are responsible for the catalytic mechanism of TEM-1 beta-lactamase enzyme and a good correlation is found with the experimental data.
