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Öğe Alüminyumun fare karaciğer ve böbrek dokuları üzerindeki histopatolojik etkilerinin incelenmesi(Trakya Üniversitesi, 1998) Bakar, Elvan; Aktaç, TülinÖZET Bu çalışmada, farelerde oral yolla verilen alüminyum klorür'ün (AICI3), böbrek ve karaciğer dokuları üzerindeki histopatolojik etkileri incelenmiştir. Işık mikroskobu düzeyinde yapılan incelemelerde AİCb'ün böbrek ve karaciğer dokularının genel histolojik yapılarını bozduğu gözlenmiştir. Karaciğer dokusunda; plazma membranlarında ve nukleus zarında parçalanmalar, piknotik nukleuslar, kromatin yapısında bozulmalar.hücrelerde vakuolizasyon ve dokuda fibrosis en yoğun görülen dejeneratif değişiklikler olarak tespit edilmiştir. Böbrek dokusunda; proksimal ve distal tübüller ile toplayıcı kanalların apikal yüzeylerinde membran hasarı, lümende sitoplazma parçaları ve bozulmuş nukleuslar, glomerular yapıda bozulmalar ve glomeruluslar etrafında fibrosis, piknotik nukleuslar ve nukleus zarında parçalanmalar, hipertrofik hücreler, kromatin mataryalinde düzensizlikler gözlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: AICI3, Böbrek, Karaciğer, Fare.Öğe Besin koruyucuların sıçan dokularında sialik asit düzeyleri ve membran glikozaminoglikanları üzerine etkileri(Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008) Bakar, Elvan; Aktaç, TülinBu çalışmada, hazır gıdalarda katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan sodyum benzoat ve sitrik asitin, sıçan karaciğer ve böbrek dokuları glikozaminoglikanları (GAG) ve sialik asitleri üzerindeki etkileri histolojik ve biyokimyasal olarak incelendi. Sodyum benzoat (2442 mg/kg/gün) ve sitrik asit (7020 mg/kg/gün) 10 gün süreyle günde bir defa olmak üzere gavaj yoluyla hayvanlara uygulandı. On günlük deney süresinin sonunda yapılan incelemelerde : 1) Hayvanların vücut ağırlıklarında anlamlı bir değişiklik gözlenmedi; 2) Organ ağırlıkları ölçümlerinde, sadece sitrik asit grubunun karaciğerinde anlamlı bir artış tespit edildi (p < 0.05); 3) Serum sialik asitinin sodyum benzoat grubuna ait hayvanlarda önemli ölçüde azaldığı (p< 0.05), sitrik asit grubunda ise anlamlı bir değişikliğin olmadığı görüldü; 4) Sodyum benzoat grubuna ait hayvanların hem karaciğer hem de böbrek dokularında sialik asit miktarlarının önemli olarak azaldığı (p< 0.0001), sitrik asit grubunda ise karaciğer dokusunda anlamlı bir değişiklik görülmez iken, böbrek dokusunda sialik asit seviyesinin önemli olarak arttığı saptandı (p< 0.0001). 5) Mikroskobik incelemeler sonucunda, sitrik asit ve sodyum benzoatın hem karaciğer hem de böbrekte dejeneratif değişikliklere neden olduğu gözlendi. 6) Nötral GAG'ların gösterilmesi için yapılan Periodik asid-Schiff (PAS), asidik GAG'lar için Alcian blue (AB) uygulaması sonucunda, karaciğerde nötral GAG' ların daha çok ekstraselüler alanlarda, buna karşılık asidik GAG' ların intraselüler alanlarda yoğunlaştığı görüldü. Sitrik asit uygulamasının GAG' larda azalmaya neden olduğu, sodyum benzoat uygulamasının ise nötral GAG'larda azalma meydana getirirken, asidik GAG'ların artışına neden olduğu gözlendi. Böbrek dokusunun korteks bölgesinde asidik GAG'ların çok az, nötral GAG'ların yoğun olduğu; medulla bölgesinde ise, nötral GAG'ların ve asidik GAG'ların kortekse oranla daha yoğun olduğu gözlendi. Sitrik asit ve sodyum benzoat uygulamasının böbrek GAG'larında artış meydana getirdiği görüldü. 7) Membranlarda sialik asitlerin görülebilmesi için yapılan rutenyum kırmızısı (RR) uygulaması sonucunda, karaciğerde sitrik aside bağlı önemli bir değişiklik görülmez iken, böbrek dokusunda tubül hücelerinin mikrovilluslarında boyanmanın daha belirgin olduğu gözlendi. Sodyum benzoat grubunda ise, hem karaciğer hem de böbrekte RR boyanması açısından kontrol grubuna oranla çok belirgin bir fark görülmedi. Anahtar kelimeler: Glikozaminoglikan, sialik asit, besin koruyucu, karaciğer, böbrek, sıçan.Öğe Demonstration of the effects of Raxil (tebuconazole) on the cell wall (glycocalyx) of the root tip cells in onion (Allium cepa L.) using Alcian blue(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2007) Aktac, Tulin; Yilmaz, Gulden; Dane, Feruzan; Bakar, ElvanIn this study, the effect of Raxil FS 060 (60 g/L tebuconazole) on the cell wall of root tip cells of Allium cepa was investigated using the Alcian blue-specific interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The bulbs with roots of A. cepa were treated with different concentrations of Raxil for two days. Germinated root tips of onions were stained with 1% Alcian blue 8 GX, and counter-stained with 2% aceto orcein solution for 5 min (acetic orcein squash method). In the root tips treated with different concentrations of Raxil (0.8%, 6.6% and 26.4% doses), it could be shown that the cell walls were thickened by increasing doses. Constrictions of protoplasm and dissolutions of nuclei in root tip cells were clearly observed. According to these results, it was concluded that the triazole fungicide, tebucanozole, might be toxic on the root tip cells of Allium cepa.Öğe The effect of proanthocyanidin on formaldehyde-induced toxicity in rat testes(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2016) Ulucam, Enis; Bakar, ElvanBackground/aim: This study investigated the effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) against formaldehyde (FA)-induced lipid peroxidation damage and morphological changes in rat testes. Materials and methods: Twenty-one Wistar albino rats were randomized into 3 groups: control, FA, and FA + PA groups. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sialic acid (TSA) levels were measured. Testes tissues were observed by light and electron microscopy. Results: TSA (plasma and tissue) levels decreased and MDA (plasma) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in rats treated with FA compared to the controls. Tissue MDA levels were not significantly different. Several necrotic changes were observed in testes tissues by light and electron microscopy. Disordering in epithelia of seminiferous tubules, vacuolization between germinal epithelium cells, and separated basement membranes were observed by light microscope. Immunopositivity in Leydig cells decreased in the FA group (P < 0.05). In the FA + PA group there were more immune Leydig cells reacting immune-positively than in the FA group (P < 0.05). Ultrastructurally, FA also caused disorganization and loss of mitochondrial cristae, and dilatation in endoplasmic reticulum in testes. Conclusion: The results suggest that PA has a protective effect on FA toxicity in testes.Öğe Effects of L-dopa and p-coumaric acid combination on oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondrial apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells(Bangladesh Pharmacological Soc, 2023) Turker, Nebiye Pelin; Bakar, ElvanThis study aimed to investigate the effects of levodopa (L-dopa), p-coumaric acid, and combinations in the neuroblastoma (N1E-115) cell. L-dopa and L-dopa plus p-coumaric acid group caused oxidative stress by increasing 12.5 and 3.7-fold in superoxide dismutase gene, 11.5 and 4.8-fold increase in catalase gene, respectively. In L-dopa and L-dopa plus p-coumaric acid application, p21 gene expression increased 1.3-fold and 3.2-fold, and the cell cycle stopped in the G1 phase in response to stress in the treatment groups. In the application of L-dopa plus p-coumaric acid to N1E-115 cells, the BCL-2 gene, which is an apoptosis inhibitor, was suppressed and the BAX gene increased 13-fold compared to the control. As a result, it was determined that the cytotoxic effect of L-dopa plus p-coumaric acid application was less than the individual application of the substances, and p-coumaric acid had an inhibitory effect on L-dopa-induced stress.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM AND COPPER ON SIALIC ACID IN CARP (Cyprinus carpio) TISSUES(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2010) Aktac, Tuelin; Bakar, Elvan; Guener, UtkuThe aim of the present study was to determine the effects of cadmium and copper on the sialic acid levels of liver, gill, muscle and kidney of Cyprinus carpio following a 7-days exposure period at static conditions. Sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acids, SAs) are negatively charged monosaccharides that are common constituents in the oligosaccharides of vertebrates and some invertebrate species. Quantitative and qualitative differences in sialic acid are seen in health and disease, and at different stages of cell growth, differentiation, aging and malignant transformation. In this study, adult carps were exposed to 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm copper and 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm cadmium, and also for interaction of 0.5+0.1 ppm copper+cadmium concentrations under static conditions for one week. At the end of 7 days, all carps were dissected into their liver, gill, muscle and kidney tissues for evaluation of heavy metal accumulation (Cu and Cd), and for analyzing the sialic acid level. Accumulation of Cu and Cd in the tissues investigated was increased with the dose of the metal. Under in vitro conditions, Cu, which is a useful ion for normal tissue function, has an antagonistic effect with sialic acid in the tissue. In contrast, Cd, which is not involved in any physiological function, has a synergistic effect with sialic acid. According to the results of this study, it could be suggested that tissue sialic acid interacts with metal ions under in vitro conditions. On the other hand, it is also possible that these results are due to direct effects of the metal ions on sialic acid metabolism.Öğe Evaluation of The Effect of Topotecan, Carvacrol, Epigallocatechin Gallate and Their Combination on Apoptotic Process in Neuroblastoma and Astrocyte Cells(2023) Oltulu, Çağatay; Akıncı, Melek; Bakar, ElvanNeuroblastoma is a sympathetic nervous system cancer. Neuroblastoma most commonly affects children under five years of age and is the most common solid tumor in childhood. Topotecan is a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor. Carvacrol and epigallocatechin gallate are naturally derived substances with anticancer, antioxidant, and apoptotic properties. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of topotecan, carvacrol, epigallocatechin gallate, topotecan+carvacrol, and topotecan+ epigallocatechin gallate combinations on the apoptotic signaling pathway. IC50 values were determined in neuroblastoma and healthy astrocyte cells using the MTT assay. Apoptotic mRNA expressions (topoisomerase 1 and 2, p53, BCL2, BAX, caspase 9, caspase 3, IL1, TNF?) in astrocytes and neuroblastoma cells at the neuroblastoma IC50 dose were analyzed using quantitative realtime PCR. Topotecan and carvacrol did not exhibit selective cytotoxic effects between healthy astrocytes and neuroblastoma cells. However, we found that the combination of topotecan+ epigallocatechin gallate and topotecan+carvacrol with epigallocatechin gallate showed selective cytotoxic effects on the neuroblastoma cell line compared to astrocyte cells. The obtained mRNA results can be interpreted as the initiation of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells in the topotecan, carvacrol, epigallocatechin gallate, and topotecan+epigallocatechin gallate groups. Further studies are needed to investigate this matter in more detail.Öğe Galangin Protects AML-12 Cells Against Dactinomycin Induced Hepatotoxicity(Galenos Publ House, 2023) Akinci, Melek; Oltulu, Cagatay; Bakar, Elvan; Cevikelli Yakut, Zatiye AycaAim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of galangin (Gal) on dactinomycin induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Materials and Methods: AML -12 cell line was divided into 4 groups as the control, Gal, dactinomycin, and Gal+dactinomycin groups. IC50 dose was determined by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide test. Gene expressions of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, caspase 3 (Cas-3), Cas-9, apoptotic protease activating factor -1 (Apaf-1), B cell CLL/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), tumor protein p53 (p53), second mitochondria -derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein (smac/DIABLO), topoisomerase (Top) I, and Top II were determined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: Dactinomycin elevated the expression of SOD, catalase, and GSH in response to oxidative effects. In the Gal+dactinomycin group, Gal administration reduced Apaf-1 expression and increased Bcl-2 expression with antiapoptotic effects. In the dactinomycin group, p53 levels increased due to the defense mechanism against DNA damage. Gal increased smac/DIABLO expression to remove damaged structures. Bcl-2 and smac/DIABLO expression levels in the groups were inversely proportional. In the Gal+dactinomycin group, Top II expression level was lower than in the dactinomycin group. This result indicated that double strand of DNA damage was diminished by Gal. Conclusion: Gal protected against the hepatotoxicity due to dactinomycin with antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Further experimental studies are needed to establish the use of Gal in liver damage.Öğe The histopathological changes in the mouse thyroid depending on the aluminum(2002) Aktaç, Tülin; Bakar, ElvanBu çalışmada, oral yolla uygulanan alüminyumun fare tiroid bezi folikülleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırıldı. Alüminyum % 0.1, % 1 ve % 5 lik AlCl3 şeklinde içme suyu olarak verildi. Sonuçlar alüminyumun doza bağlı olarak tiroid foliküllerinde yapısal doku hasarına ve hücre hasarına neden olduğunu işaret etmektedir.Öğe Investigation of the Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidin and Vitamin E against the Toxic Effect caused by Formaldehyde on the Liver Tissue(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Bakar, Elvan; Ulucam, Enis; Cerkezkayabekir, AysegulWe aimed to investigate of protective role of proanthocyanidin (PA) and vitamin E (vit E) against to toxic effect of formaldehyde (FA). Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control group, rats treated with FA intraperitoneal (i.p.) (10 mg/kg), FA + vit E intragastric (i.g.) (30 mg/kg), and FA + PA i.g. (100 mg/kg). We assayed superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sialic acid (TSA) in liver. Liver tissue was taken in order to morphological analysis and hepatocytes apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay immunostaining. SOD decreased in FA and increased in FA + vit E and FA + PA (p < 0.05). Gpx didn't change in FA and increased in FA + PA (p < 0.05). No significant variation between the groups was found in MPO activity. MDA increased only in FA and decreased in FA + vit E and FA + PA (p < 0.05). TSA didn't alter in FA and FA + vit E but decreased in FA + PA (p < 0.05). Degeneration in hepatocytes and endothelial cells, cytoplasm losses, vacuolization, picnotic nuclei, and mononuclear cell infiltration were identified in FA. Degeneration in chromatin material, membrane damage in mitochondria and losses in mitochondrial cristae in hepatocytes were observed in FA. We found that partially recovery in liver as a result of FA + vit E and FA + PA. We have concluded that long term use should be investigated for complete explanation of PA's protective effects on FA toxicity. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe MESNA HAS ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL ON INTESTINE, LIVER, KIDNEY AND LUNG INJURY INDUCED BY INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION(Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2022) Sanal, Filiz; Bakar, Elvan; Inan, Mustafa; Ulucam, Enis; Cerkezkayabekir, AyegulAn ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of small intestine is a serious and common condition that is a result of the blockage of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) due to some significant clinical problems. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Mesna on systemic injury induced by IR in small intestine and liver, kidney and lung of rats. Thirty-two Wistar albino female rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, ischemia, IR (Sham) and IR+Mesna. Ischemia period was executed by clamping SMA for 2 h and after when reperfusion was permitted by removing the clamp from SMA for 2 h. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured spectrophotometrically in the tissues. Microscopic examination was performed with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining for light microscopy and double staining (Uranyl acetate and Reynolds'lead citrate) for electron microscopy. Oxidative damage was determined in ischemia (p < 0.05) and IR groups (p < 0.05) by Chiu score in small intestine and also antioxidant enzyme activities in all groups. Significant recovery in SOD, GPx and CAT activities in IR+Mesna group was determined but the effect of oxidative damage was not reduced significantly histopatologically. Mesna treatment caused recovery in SOD, GPx and CAT activities but not achieved an improvement in the histopathologic findings in level of light microscopy in IR damages but contains the signs of improving at electron microscopy level in Mesna dose and application time of IR.Öğe Mezenkimal Kök Hücrenin Bağırsak İskemi/Reperfüzyon Hasarında Antioksidan Kapasite Üzerine Etkisi(2014) Kocagümüş, Ayşe Meltem; Karaöz, Erdal; Bakar, Elvan; Sanal, Filiz; Çerkezkayabekır, Aysegül; Uluçam, Enis; İnan, Mustafa[Abstract Nıt Available]Öğe Puerarin Protects from Methotrexate Induced Hepatotoxicity in AML-12 Cells(Galenos Publ House, 2023) Akinci, Melek; Oltulu, Cagatay; Bakar, Elvan; Cevikelli Yakut, Zatiye AycaAim: The purpose of this study was to look into the effects of puerarin (PR) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Materials and Methods: We designed our research with four groups in the AML-12 cell line: control, PR, MTX, and PR+MTX groups. Administered concentration levels to the cell lines were determined with the MTT test. To investigate oxidative stress, the expression levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were determined with quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. To evaluate the role of apoptosis pathways in MTX induced hepatotoxicity and the hepatoprotective effects of PR, gene expressions of caspase 3 (Cas-3), Cas-9, apoptotic protease activating factor-1, Bcl-2, Bax, p53, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein (smac/DIABLO), topoisomerase (Top) I, and Top II were investigated with qRT-PCR. Results: MTX impaired the antioxidant defense through SOD but elevated the expression of catalase and glutathione due to an increase in free radicals. In the PR+MTX group, SOD expression increased and catalase and glutathione expression decreased compared to the MTX group. Cas-9, Apaf-1, and Top I gene expression levels were reduced in group PR. In the group of PR+MTX, PR application increased the expression of Bax, p53, and smac/DIABLO while decreasing the expression of Bcl-2, which resulted in the elimination of damaged structures by apoptosis. Conclusion: PR alleviated the hepatotoxicity caused by MTX with its antioxidant effects and positive effects on apoptosis pathways. However, different dose studies are needed because PR could not prevent double-strand damage in DNA due to MTX and there is an increase in Top I expression in the PR group.Öğe The short-term effects of single toxic citric acid doses on mouse tissues - Histopathological study(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Aktac, Tulin; Kaboglu, Aysegul; Kizilay, Gulnur; Bakar, ElvanIn this study, the acute-toxic effects of citric acid, a food preservative, were histopathologically investigated on the liver and kidney tissues of mice. A LD25 (480 mg/kg body weight) dose of citric acid was given by intraperitoneal injection, and after ten days several necrotic changes were observed in both tissues by light and electron microscopy. Citric acid treatment caused loosing and combining of hepatocyte membranes; cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes; picnotic nuclei; mononuclear cell infiltration in small areas, and degeneration of blood vessel endothelium in liver; damaging of cell membrane; picnotic nuclei and hypertrophy of lining epithelium of tubules; disappearing of basal membrane and fusing of tubules in kidney. It also caused a decrease in numbers and volume of mitochondria and increase in secondary lysosomes, disorganization and loss of mitochondrial cristae in both tissues, invagination of nucleus membrane in liver, disorder of basal infoldings, swelling in endoplasmic reticulum sacs and loss of junctional complex as well as partial separation of tubule cells in kidney. The results suggest that citric acid dose level has toxic effects in mice, and additional toxic properties must be examined in detail.Öğe The short-term effects of single toxic dose of citric acid in mice(2003) Aktaç, Tülin; Kaboğlu, Ayşegül; Bakar, Elvan; Karakaş, HamiyetBir besin koruyucu olan sitrik asidin LD25 (480 mg/kg.va.) dozu farelere intraperitoneal yolla uygulandı. 10 gün sonra hayvanların vücut ağırlıkları, organ ağırlıkları (karaciğer, böbrek, dalak), kreatin kinaz (CK), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), alanin aminotransferaz (ALT) ve aspartat aminotransferaz (AST) enzimlerinin serum düzeyleri ile, karaciğer dokusu üzerinde sitrik asidin etkileri araştırıldı. Otoanalizörde tayin edilen enzim aktiviteleri U/L olarak değerlendirildi. Çalışmada vücut ağırlıklarında kontrol grubuna kıyasla anlamlı bir azalma gözlenmesine rağmen (p<0.001), organ ağırlıklarında (karaciğer: p>0.05 , böbrek: p>0.05, dalak: p>0.05) ve enzim aktivitelerinde (CK: p>0.05, LDH: p>0.05, ALT: p>0.05, AST: p>0.05) anlamlı olmayan bir artış gözlendi. Karaciğerin mikroskopik incelenmesinde doku dejenerasyonu, sitoplazmik vakuolizasyon, nükleer zar çöküntüleri, piknotik nukleuslar ve hepatositlerde nekroz gibi histopatolojik değişiklikler gözlendi.
