Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ekonomik büyüme ve karbon emisyonu: yeşil ve kahverengi alan yatırımlarının etkisinin karşılaştırılması
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
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Yayıncı
Trakya Üniversitesi,Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu yönde etkilediği literatürde birçok çalışma ile ispatlanan bir konudur. Sermaye yetersizliği sorunu olan ülkeler bu sorunlarını ucuz emek ve gevşek vergi politikaları ile yabancı firmaları kendilerine çekmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Ancak 1980’li yılardan itibaren gündeme gelmeye başlayan çevre kirliliği sorunu günümüzde bir hayli önemli bir konu halini almıştır. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkeler çevre düzenlemeleri ve politikaları ile çevresel kirliliği önlemeye çalışmaktadırlar. Söz konusu bu çevre düzenlemeleri ve politikaları firmaların maliyetini artırmakta ve dolayısı ile firmaları daha ucuz bir üretim fırsatı aramaya itmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler ise ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayabilmek adına yabancı yatırımcıları ülkelerine çekmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler çevre düzenlemeleri ve politikalarını gevşek tutarak yabancı yatırımcı çekme rekabetinde avantaj sağlamaya çalışmaktadırlar. Özetle yetersiz sermaye birikimine sahip bir ülke çevreyi kirletip doğal kaynakları yok etmek pahasına ekonomik büyüme amacı ile ülkeye yabancı yatırımcı çekmeye çalışmaktadır. Yapılan bu tezin konusu yabancı sermayenin en önemli pozitif ve negatif etkilerini, büyüme ve çevre kirliliği ile ilişkisini ele almaktadır. Ancak yabancı sermayenin ne çeşit bir yatırım yaptığı çevre kirliliği üstünde büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu nedenden dolayı çalışma sıfırdan yapılan bir yatırım ve hali hazırda olan bir yatırımın sadece el değiştirmesini ayırmak adına yabancı yatırımları yeşil alan ve kahverengi alan yatırımları olarak ele almaktadır. Yapılan ampirik çalışma Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin 1990-2016 yılarını kapsamaktadır. Çevre kirliliği göstergesi olarak karbon dioksit emisyonu, yabancı yatırım göstergesi olarak doğrudan yabancı yatırım (DYY), yeşil alan ve kahverengi alan ve ekonomik büyüme göstergesi olarak Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH) verilerini kullanmaktadır. Veriler Dünya Bankası ve OECD’den sağlanmıştır. Çalışmada doğrudan yabancı yatırım, yeşil alan ve kahverengi alan yatırımlarının karbon emisyonuna etkilerini ayrı ayrı incelemek adına üç farklı VAR modeli kullanmıştır.
As it is evident in the literature, foreign direct investment has a positive impact on economic growth. Countries with capital lack problems are trying to attract foreign firms with cheap labor and loose tax policies. However, the problem of environmental pollution that has emerged since the 1980s has become a very important issue today. Especially developed countries are trying to prevent environmental pollution with environmental regulations and policies. These environmental regulations and policies have increased the cost of firms and therefore forced companies to look for a cheaper production opportunity. Developing countries are trying to attract foreign investors to their countries in order to achieve economic growth. Developing countries are trying to gain advantage in competition of attracting foreign investors by keeping their environmental regulations and policies loose. In summary, a country with insufficient capital accumulation tries to attract foreign investors to the country with the aim of economic growth at the expense of polluting the environment and destroying natural resources. The subject of this thesis is the relationship between foreign capital and its positive and negative effects, growth and environmental pollution. However, the kind of investments made by foreign investors are of great importance as they may cause environmental pollution. For this reason, the study considers foreign investments as greenfield and brownfield investments in order to distinguish between an investment made from scratch and the exchange of an existing investment only. The empirical study covers the years 1990-2016 for Republic of Turkey. The carbon dioxide emission ise used as an indicator of environmental pollution, foreign direct investment (FDI) as an indicator of foreign investment, greenfield and brownfield investments and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as an indicator of economic growth. Data used in the empirical study were provided by the World Bank and OECD. In this study, three different VAR models were used to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment, greenfield and brownfield investments on carbon emission separately.
As it is evident in the literature, foreign direct investment has a positive impact on economic growth. Countries with capital lack problems are trying to attract foreign firms with cheap labor and loose tax policies. However, the problem of environmental pollution that has emerged since the 1980s has become a very important issue today. Especially developed countries are trying to prevent environmental pollution with environmental regulations and policies. These environmental regulations and policies have increased the cost of firms and therefore forced companies to look for a cheaper production opportunity. Developing countries are trying to attract foreign investors to their countries in order to achieve economic growth. Developing countries are trying to gain advantage in competition of attracting foreign investors by keeping their environmental regulations and policies loose. In summary, a country with insufficient capital accumulation tries to attract foreign investors to the country with the aim of economic growth at the expense of polluting the environment and destroying natural resources. The subject of this thesis is the relationship between foreign capital and its positive and negative effects, growth and environmental pollution. However, the kind of investments made by foreign investors are of great importance as they may cause environmental pollution. For this reason, the study considers foreign investments as greenfield and brownfield investments in order to distinguish between an investment made from scratch and the exchange of an existing investment only. The empirical study covers the years 1990-2016 for Republic of Turkey. The carbon dioxide emission ise used as an indicator of environmental pollution, foreign direct investment (FDI) as an indicator of foreign investment, greenfield and brownfield investments and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as an indicator of economic growth. Data used in the empirical study were provided by the World Bank and OECD. In this study, three different VAR models were used to investigate the effects of foreign direct investment, greenfield and brownfield investments on carbon emission separately.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, Yeşil alan yatırımları, Kahverengi alan yatırımları, Ekonomik büyüme, Karbondioksit emisyonu, Foreign direct investments, Greenfield investments, Brownfield investments, Economic growth, Carbon dioxide emission
