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Öğe 3D Motion Analysis of Hip, Knee and Ankle Joints of Children Aged Between 7-11 Years During Gait(Galenos Publ House, 2011) Cigali, Bulent Sabri; Ulucam, Enis; Bozer, CuneytObjective: The purpose of this study is to constitute a normative walking kinematic database and to investigate the differences between 7-11 aged children and between the left and right sides of those age groups. Materials and Methods: Fifty children between the 7 and 11 years old (10 from each age group) participated in this study. The measurements were made with Zebris(C) CMS 70 P 3D motion analysis system. Flexion- extension, abduction-adduction angles of the hip joint, the flexion-extension of the knee and ankle joints and foot rotations for each age group for both sides were recorded. Results: Even all the groups' gait patterns were similar with the literature, 9 years old group has lower knee flexion and higher ankle extensions (p<0.05). Eight and 9 years old groups have higher maximum ankle extension values when compared with the other age groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Kinematic analysis results of 7 to 11 years old children suggests adult-like gait patterns especially for the hip and knee. These findings stress the importance of age-matched normative data for the kinematic gait analysis.Öğe Accessory inferior thyroid artery and internal thoracic artery originating from the thyrocervical trunk(Springer, 2008) Cigali, Bulent Sabri; Ulucam, Enis; Bozer, CuneytDuring the routine dissection of an 86-year-old Caucasian male cadaver, an accessory inferior thyroid artery originating from the left suprascapular artery was detected. In addition to the existence of inferior and superior thyroid arteries, a third thyroid artery arising from the left suprascapular artery was present at the left of these arteries; this artery was determined as the accessory inferior thyroid artery. Again, the left internal thoracic artery arose from the thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery originated near the thyrocervical trunk's origin point and descended vertically. The thyrocervical trunk ended near the medial border of the anterior scalene muscle after giving rise to the inferior thyroid, transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries.Öğe Analysis of Spinal Posture With Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic System in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis(Turkish League Against Rheumatism, 2019) Kurtoglu, Hakan Sercan; Tuna, Filiz; Tuna, Hakan; Ulucam, Enis; Tastekin, Nurettin; Birtane, MuratObjectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between postural changes detected in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) vertebrae and clinical and demographic characteristics of patients using a three-dimensional ultrasonic system. Patients and methods: A total of 44 AS patients (36 males, 8 females; mean age 39.1 +/- 9.8 years; range, 18 to 63 years) and 44 healthy volunteers (36 males, 8 females; mean age 38.4 +/- 9.4 years; range, 18 to 65 years) were included. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory data were recorded. Spinal posture analysis was performed using a Zebris CMS20 three-dimensional ultrasonic system. Results: Thoracic kyphosis angle was significantly higher in the AS group (45.4 +/- 12.8 degrees) than in the control group (36.9 +/- 7.7 degrees) (p=0.001). Lumbar lordosis angle was significantly lower in the AS group (20.7 +/- 10.6 degrees) than in the control group (28 +/- 8.2 degrees) (p=0.002). There were no significant differences in total trunk inclination or sacral angles (p>0.05). Increase in thoracolumbar length at maximum spinal flexion and decrease in thoracolumbar length at maximum spinal extension were significantly lower in the AS group (p<0.05). A negative correlation was found between the thoracic kyphosis angle and length increase in spine flexure as well as chest expansion. Thoracic kyphosis angle had a statistically significantly positive correlation with age at onset of symptoms and tragus-wall distance (p<0.05). Conclusion: Significant changes were observed in spinal posture in patients with AS. In addition, significant correlations were found between dynamic postural changes and spinal mobility. We think that postural evaluation and follow-up should be carried out with other parameters. Awareness of AS patients about postural changes should be increased, and proper exercise treatment should be applied.Öğe AN ANOMALY OF FLEXOR MUSCLES OF THE FIFTH (LITTLE) FINGER OF THE HAND: AN ANATOMICAL CASE REPORT(Hospital Clinicas, Univ Sao Paulo, 2009) Yilmaz, Ali; Bozer, Cueneyt; Ulucam, Enis; Taskinalp, Oguz[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Diagnostic Value of Gait Analysis in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation(Wiley, 2019) Delen, Emre; Ozturk, Gulnur; Karahan, Menekse; Ulucam, Enis; Ozturk, Levent[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The effect of acute and chronic formaldehyde exposure on learning and memory in male and female rats(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Aydin, Didem Donmez; Taskinalp, Oguz; Ulucam, Enis; Karadag, Hakan; Ozfidan, Gulnur Kizilay; Topuz, Ruhan; Ersoy, OnurAimFormaldehyde is a chemical that lies behind the various systemical failures in organism. Many products that people use contain formaldehyde. Owing to its tissue fixative properties, scientists who work in life sciences are exposed to this substance more than others. Several studies have shown that formaldehyde affects the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, which play crucial roles in memory consolidation. In this study, we aimed to investigate anxiety levels and indicate the short and long term effects of formaldehyde and sex-related differences by exposing formaldehyde to male and female rats.Materials and MethodsFormaldehyde (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days for acute exposure and 30 days for chronic exposure. Cognitive assessment was performed using fear conditioning, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze tests. TUNEL staining was used to identify apoptosis in the brains obtained after decapitation.ResultsExposure to intraperitoneal formaldehyde does not impair learning and memory in acute and chronic periods and has no effect on depression or anxiety. After acute exposure, apoptosis was observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in males. When the cognitive test results were examined, no differences were found between the experimental and control groups. There was also no significant difference between males and females.Öğe The effect of high protein diet and exercise on irisin, eNOS, and iNOS expressions in kidney(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Tastekin, Ebru; Palabiyik, Orkide; Ulucam, Enis; Uzgur, Selda; Karaca, Aziz; Vardar, Selma Arzu; Yilmaz, AliLong-term effects of high protein diets (HPDs) on kidneys are still not sufficiently studied. Irisin which increases oxygen consumption and thermogenesis in white fat cells was shown in skeletal muscles and many tissues. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. We aimed to investigate the effects of HPD, irisin and NO expression in kidney and relation of them with exercise and among themselves. Animals were grouped as control, exercise, HPD and exercise combined with HPD (exercise-HPD). Rats were kept on a HPD for 5 weeks and an exercise program was given them as 5 exercise and 2 rest days per week exercising on a treadmill with increasing speed and angle. In our study, while HPD group had similar total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels with control group, exercise and exercise-HPD groups had lower levels (p<0.05). Kidneys of exercising rats had no change in irisin or eNOS expression but their iNOS expression had increased (p<0.001). HPD-E group has not been observed to cause kidney damage and not have a significant effect on rat kidney irisin, eNOS, or iNOS expression. Localization of irisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining in kidney is highly selective and quite clear in this study. Effects of exercise and HPD on kidney should be evaluated with different exercise protocols and contents of the diet. risin, eNOS, and iNOS staining localizations should be supported with various research studies.Öğe The effect of proanthocyanidin on formaldehyde-induced toxicity in rat testes(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2016) Ulucam, Enis; Bakar, ElvanBackground/aim: This study investigated the effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) against formaldehyde (FA)-induced lipid peroxidation damage and morphological changes in rat testes. Materials and methods: Twenty-one Wistar albino rats were randomized into 3 groups: control, FA, and FA + PA groups. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sialic acid (TSA) levels were measured. Testes tissues were observed by light and electron microscopy. Results: TSA (plasma and tissue) levels decreased and MDA (plasma) significantly increased (P < 0.05) in rats treated with FA compared to the controls. Tissue MDA levels were not significantly different. Several necrotic changes were observed in testes tissues by light and electron microscopy. Disordering in epithelia of seminiferous tubules, vacuolization between germinal epithelium cells, and separated basement membranes were observed by light microscope. Immunopositivity in Leydig cells decreased in the FA group (P < 0.05). In the FA + PA group there were more immune Leydig cells reacting immune-positively than in the FA group (P < 0.05). Ultrastructurally, FA also caused disorganization and loss of mitochondrial cristae, and dilatation in endoplasmic reticulum in testes. Conclusion: The results suggest that PA has a protective effect on FA toxicity in testes.Öğe Effects of Masai Barefoot Technology Footwear Compared with Barefoot and Oxford Footwear on Gait(Amer Podiatric Med Assoc, 2021) Ozdinc, Sevgi; Ulucam, EnisBackground: Shoes, with their biomechanical features, affect the human body and function as clothing that protects the foot. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Masai Barefoot Technology (MBT) shoes on gait in healthy, young individuals compared with bare feet and classic stable shoes. Methods: The study was conducted in 67 healthy females aged 18 to 30 years. All volunteers walked barefoot, in Oxford shoes, and in MBT shoes and were evaluated in the same session. Kinematic gait analyses were performed. The three performances were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance to study the variance in the groups themselves, and the Friedman and Wilcoxon paired two-sample tests were used for the intragroup comparisons. Results: We found that the single support time and the swing phase ratio increased during walking in MBT shoes compared with walking in stable shoes, whereas the double support ratio, stride length, cadence, gait speed, loading response ratio, and preswing phase ratio decreased. However, it was found that the step and stride length, step width, and gait speed increased and the preswing phase extended during walking in stable shoes compared with walking barefoot. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that MBT shoes facilitate foot cycles as they reduce the loading response and the preswing and stance phase ratios.Öğe Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Proprioception in Healthy Young Adults(Wiley, 2018) Cetin, Buse; Ozturk, Gulnur; Ulucam, Enis; Yilmaz, Ali; Ozturk, Levent[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Evaluation of vestibular functions and balance in Edirne Band musicians(Ios Press, 2021) Selcuk, Halit; Ozdinc, Sevgi; Karahan, Menekse; Kayatekin, Ayse Zeynep Yilmazer; Ulucam, EnisBACKGROUND: It has been found that intense noise may affect the peripheral vestibular system and consequently causes problems in balance mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to chronic noise on vestibular functions and balance in Edirne Band musicians. METHODS: Twenty-two individuals working in the Edirne Band for at least 5 years and a control group of 22 individuals working at Trakya University with similar sociodemographic characteristics were included. The socio-demographic questionnaire was used to inquire about the demographic characteristics of individuals, the ABC Scale to assess how they felt about the balance, and the DHI to determine the quality of life related to dizziness. A 3D ultrasonic system was used to assess the static and dynamic balance of the individuals. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the band and the control group in terms of longitudinal deviation and self-spin parameters of the Unterberger test, dizziness handicap inventory scores, functional balance according to activity-specific balance confidence scale (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a result of our study, it has been shown that the balance, quality of life and vestibular system functions are negatively affected in the band exposed to noise for a long time.Öğe How Sleep Quality Affects Postural Control?(Galenos Publ House, 2024) Karahan, Menekse; Pehlivan, Metehan; Ulucam, Enis; Seyaz, Mehtap; Donmez Aydin, DidemObjective: We aimed to investigate how sleep quality affected postural control in medical and dental students. Methods: One hundred twenty eight volunteer students with right hemispheric dominance participated in the study. Participants were divided into good and poor sleep quality groups based on their Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores. A force platform was used for bipedal balance analysis. Participants were asked to remain upright and motionless on the platform and their body oscillations were recorded for 30 seconds in this position. Balance analysis was performed in two conditions, with eyes open and closed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the demographics of the two groups. The PSQI medians of the good and poor sleep quality groups were 4 (minimum: 1, maximum: 4) and 7 (minimum: 5, maximum: 14), respectively. In the open -eye test, no significant difference was found between the two groups in any of the data. In the test performed with the eyes closed, the deviation of the center of pressure on the Y-axis and the force transferred to the anterior part of the foot on the left side were higher in the group with poor sleep quality. Parallel to this, the force transferred to the posterior part of the foot on the left side was also lower in the same group. Conclusion: Sleep quality did not affect balance with eyes open, but negatively affected balance with eyes closed. The balance of force transferred to the non -dominant foot of the group with poor sleep quality was impaired.Öğe In vivo effects of curcumin and deferoxamine in experimental endometriosis(Wroclaw Medical Univ, 2017) Kizilay, Gulnur; Uz, Yesim Hulya; Seren, Gulay; Ulucam, Enis; Yilmaz, Ali; Cukur, Ziya; Kayisli, Umit AliBackground. Endometriosis is one of the most common chronic gynecological diseases. Objectives. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of curcumin and/or deferoxamine on cell proliferation in a rat model of endometriosis. Material and methods. Thirty female 12-week-old albino Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, were used in this study. All the rats underwent ovariectomy and 0.1-mg beta-estradiol 17-valerate pellets were placed intraperitoneally. An experimental model of endometriosis was created in all the animals. To create the experimental model, an approximately 1-cm long section of the uterus was taken, primarily from the right horn of the uterus. Autologous fragments were then placed between the peritoneum and muscle. The animals were divided into 3 groups: Group A, treated only with the vehicle used for curcumin and deferoxamine; group B, treated with curcumin (100 mg/kg body weight); and group C, treated with deferoxamine + curcumin (100 mg/kg body weight). After biopsy samples were obtained, the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunostaining for cytokeratin-7 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was performed. Blood iron levels were measured using a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 800 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results. The endometrial implant size increased in Group A, but treatment with curcumin (p = 0.01) and deferoxamine + curcumin (p = 0.007) reduced the implant size. In ectopic endometrial epithelial cells, there were significant decreases in PCNA immunoreactivity between groups A and B (p = 0.044) and between groups A and C (p = 0.033). Conclusions. Treatment with curcumin alone and/or in combination with deferoxamine contributed to a reduction in implant size and cell proliferation in a rat endometriosis model. Iron-chelating agents may act in the same manner when used in women with endometriosis; however, further studies from different perspectives are still needed.Öğe Investigation of the availability of tongue movements in Mallampati classification(Saudi Med J, 2011) Colak, Alkin; Yilmaz, Ali; Sut, Necdet; Memis, Dilek; Ulucam, Enis; Cigali, Bulent S.; Bozer, CuneytObjectives: To investigate the relation of Mallampati classification with a new alternative method suggested for use in the estimation of tongue movements. Method: This study was conducted in the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey from April to October 2009. Two hundred and thirty patients were enrolled in this study. The modified Mallampati score (MMS) was devised by an anesthetist. To define tongue movements, horizontal and vertical lines were utilized. Horizontal lines passing through the mid points of the upper lip and mandible, and vertical lines passing through the right and left infraorbitale points were constituted on each subject. Subjects were asked to elevate, depress, and abduct (right-left) the tip of the tongue. The scores corresponding with the movements of the tongue were determined. Results: Depression of the tip of the tongue (DTT) and elevation of the tip of the tongue (ETT) levels were significantly different between MMS 1, MMS 2, and MMS 3, MMS 4 groups (p=0.001). The risk of being MMS 3 or MMS 4 for the groups that cannot reach the borderline for the DTT or ETT are 5.5 times and 5.4 times higher consequently than the groups that can reach the borderline. Conclusion: This new method can be combined with MMS classification, which requires clinical experience and knowledge in predicting difficult intubation.Öğe Investigation of the Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidin and Vitamin E against the Toxic Effect caused by Formaldehyde on the Liver Tissue(Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) Bakar, Elvan; Ulucam, Enis; Cerkezkayabekir, AysegulWe aimed to investigate of protective role of proanthocyanidin (PA) and vitamin E (vit E) against to toxic effect of formaldehyde (FA). Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control group, rats treated with FA intraperitoneal (i.p.) (10 mg/kg), FA + vit E intragastric (i.g.) (30 mg/kg), and FA + PA i.g. (100 mg/kg). We assayed superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sialic acid (TSA) in liver. Liver tissue was taken in order to morphological analysis and hepatocytes apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay immunostaining. SOD decreased in FA and increased in FA + vit E and FA + PA (p < 0.05). Gpx didn't change in FA and increased in FA + PA (p < 0.05). No significant variation between the groups was found in MPO activity. MDA increased only in FA and decreased in FA + vit E and FA + PA (p < 0.05). TSA didn't alter in FA and FA + vit E but decreased in FA + PA (p < 0.05). Degeneration in hepatocytes and endothelial cells, cytoplasm losses, vacuolization, picnotic nuclei, and mononuclear cell infiltration were identified in FA. Degeneration in chromatin material, membrane damage in mitochondria and losses in mitochondrial cristae in hepatocytes were observed in FA. We found that partially recovery in liver as a result of FA + vit E and FA + PA. We have concluded that long term use should be investigated for complete explanation of PA's protective effects on FA toxicity. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe MESNA HAS ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL ON INTESTINE, LIVER, KIDNEY AND LUNG INJURY INDUCED BY INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION(Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2022) Sanal, Filiz; Bakar, Elvan; Inan, Mustafa; Ulucam, Enis; Cerkezkayabekir, AyegulAn ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of small intestine is a serious and common condition that is a result of the blockage of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) due to some significant clinical problems. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Mesna on systemic injury induced by IR in small intestine and liver, kidney and lung of rats. Thirty-two Wistar albino female rats were randomly divided into four groups as control, ischemia, IR (Sham) and IR+Mesna. Ischemia period was executed by clamping SMA for 2 h and after when reperfusion was permitted by removing the clamp from SMA for 2 h. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured spectrophotometrically in the tissues. Microscopic examination was performed with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining for light microscopy and double staining (Uranyl acetate and Reynolds'lead citrate) for electron microscopy. Oxidative damage was determined in ischemia (p < 0.05) and IR groups (p < 0.05) by Chiu score in small intestine and also antioxidant enzyme activities in all groups. Significant recovery in SOD, GPx and CAT activities in IR+Mesna group was determined but the effect of oxidative damage was not reduced significantly histopatologically. Mesna treatment caused recovery in SOD, GPx and CAT activities but not achieved an improvement in the histopathologic findings in level of light microscopy in IR damages but contains the signs of improving at electron microscopy level in Mesna dose and application time of IR.Öğe The Morphometric Analysis of Crista Phallica in Identification of Sexes(Soc Chilena Anatomia, 2009) Ulucam, Enis; Alicioglu, Banu; Cikmaz, Selman; Yilmaz, Ali; Sut, NecdetCrista phallica (CP) is used to determine sex in anthropology and criminal forensic medicine; however, it does not exist in anatomic and radiological terminology. The purpose of this retrospective study is morphometric analysis of the CP. We studied radiographs displaying several different clinical indications from patients whose bone maturation were fully complete. The crista phallica located on both sides of the medial portion of ischiopubic ramus (IPR) were localized and their peak points were determined. The distance from these peak points to the inner cortex of IPRs were measured, as well as the angles between the tangents passing the peak points from both sides. We determined the distance of the IPR (DIPR) for males and females sequentially as 21.3+/-3.5 mm, and 17+/-2.8 mm, angle of CP (ACP) as 149.1 degrees+/-15.7, and 163.5 degrees+/-13.4. It was identified that ACP for females is less than ACP for males (p<0.001). ACP and DIPR alone are not sufficient criteria to determine sex. Therefore, the results of our findings show that it would be more useful to study other specifications and their metric analysis in order to determine sex.Öğe Postural stability and flexibility responses of yoga training in women: Are improvements similar in both sexes?(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Inal, Ozgu; Keklicek, Hilal; Karahan, Menekse; Ulucam, EnisThe researchers' aim is to examine the postural stability and flexibility responses of yoga training in women. The authors conducted the yoga training program 2 days a week and they assessed flexibility using the sit and reach test, trunk hyperextension test and trunk lateral flexion test. The researchers measured static and dynamic balance employing the device and database system. Then, the authors repeated all assesments were at the end of the first, the fifth and the tenth sessions. As a result of this study, the researchers revealed that the male participants had significantly poorer results in a single parameter (longitudinal sway) when compared with the female group, but the groups were statistically equivalent in this parameter after the first yoga training session. The authors also revealed that yoga was effective in improving flexibility among healthy young adults of both sexes, although the males showed greater improvement than females in the flexibility results.Öğe Primary dysmenorrhea and postural control: Is it a problem only during menstruation?(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2021) Keklicek, Hilal; Aydin, Nimet Sermenli; Can, Hilal Basak; Aydin, Didem Donmez; Kayatekin, Ayse Zeynep Yilmazer; Ulucam, EnisBackground: The effects of the menstrual cycle and primary dysmenorrhea (PD) on phase-related cognitive and physical functions are controversial. This study was carried out to examine whether women with PD showed a different physical function or dual-tasking response than women without PD at times other than menstruation. Methods: Women with or without PD were recruited for the study. Individuals assessed on the first day of the menstruation and the day they reported themselves as well being (feeling good day-FGD). Zebris ? FDM Type Force Platform was used to evaluate postural stability. Individuals have were asked to perform to a 3-step balance test protocol; the first session: comfortable upright standing; the second session: standing with a motor task; the third session: standing with a cognitive task (counting backward). Correctly calculated numbers were also recorded. Results: The number of correct answers given by individuals during the cognitive dual-task was similar on the first day of menstruation and FGD (p 0,05). In the assessments performed on the first day of menstruation, there was no difference in any parameters between the groups (p 0.05). In the measurements made on FGD day with the cognitive task; there was a difference between the groups (p < 0,05). Individuals with PD had higher postural sway. Significance: This study showed that the primary dysmenorrhea is not only a problem for females during menstruation, primary dysmenorrhea causes impaired ability of the individual to perform dual-tasking and continuously affects postural stability.Öğe Radiological Analysis of Human Hand in Terms of Artistic Anatomy(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2010) Yilmaz, Ali; Alicioglu, Banu; Sut, Necdet; Ulucam, Enis; Cikmaz, SelmanObjective: The hands are one of the most conspicuous parts of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the bones that comprise the hands and their aesthetic importance in terms of the Fibonacci series. Material and Methods: In this study, which was designed retrospectively, 123 digital hand roentgenograms of adult patients were reviewed. Each finger was measured in terms of metacarpal, proximal, middle, and distal phalangeal lengths by using a digital caliper. The proximal phalangeal length was subtracted from the sum of the lengths of the middle and distal phalanges and the metacarpal length was subtracted from sum of the lengths of the proximal and middle phalanges, to investigate the conformity to Fibonacci sequence. The Bland-Altman method was used to evaluate the measurements. Results: There is a mathematical harmony between all finger bones in terms of the Fibonacci sequence. The first, second, and fifth metacarpals conform to the Fibonacci sequence; however the third and fourth metacarpals do not. Conclusion: It can be easily proven that all of the bones that form fingers are in accordance with the Fibonacci sequence. These results convince us that Fibonacci sequence can be used for the reconstruction of human hand after a serious trauma or congenital anomalies.
