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    Effect of Painful Electrical Stimuli on Readiness Potential in the Human Brain
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Dilek, Burcu; Osumi, Michihiro; Nobusako, Satoshi; Erdogan, Sinem Burcu; Morioka, Shu
    The readiness potential (RP), which is a slow negative electrical brain potential that occurs before voluntary movement, can be interpreted as a measure of intrinsic brain activity originating from self-regulating mechanisms. Early and late components of the RP may indicate clinical-neurophysiological features such as motivation, preparation, intention, and initiation of voluntary movements. In the present study, we hypothesized that electrical pain stimuli modulate the preparatory brain activity for movement. The grand average evoked potentials were measured at sensory motor regions with EEG during an experimental protocol consisting of painful and nonpainful stimuli. Our results demonstrated that painful stimuli were preceded by an enhanced RP when compared to non-painful stimuli at the Cz channel (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the mean amplitude of the RP at the early phase was significantly higher for the painful stimuli when compared to the non-painful stimuli (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that electrical painful stimuli, which can be considered as an unpleasant and stressful condition, modulate the motor preparation at sensory motor regions to a different extent when compared to non-painful electrical stimuli. Since early component of the RP represents cortical activation due to anticipation of the stimuli and the allocation of attentional resources, our results suggest that painful stimuli may affect the motor preparation processes and the prediction of the movement at the cortical level.
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    Effects of brace on pedobarographic parameters in individuals with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
    (2021) Altun, Yağmur; Dilek, Burcu; Yakut, Yavuz
    Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the immediate effects of brace on static, dynamic and stabilometric changes in individuals with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS).Methods: Twenty-nine AIS individuals (24 girls; 5 boys) aged between 10-19 years and have moderate curve (20-45°) included into the study. Static, stabilometric and dynamic data of the individuals were recorded by the DIASU pedobarography device (Diasu Company, Rome, Italy 4024 sensor, 300 MHz frequency). Assessments were carried out on same individuals in-brace and without-brace conditions. All data were recorded with Milletrix software (Diagnostic Support, Rome, Italy) and transferred to computer system. Results: There were no differences between with in-brace and without-brace conditions on static and stabilometric values (p>0.05). However, it was found that braces affected dynamic values such as footstep length and foot acceleration on the left side (p<0.05). It was observed that these values decreased with using braces.Conclusion: Immediate effects of bracing could change dynamic pedobarographic variables such as acceleration and steplength. Regarding short-term effects of bracing on dynamic parameters, therapists and orthotists should consider thecompensatory effects of bracing through the rehabilitation.
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    Fear of movement-related pain disturbs cortical preparatory activity after becoming aware of motor intention
    (Elsevier, 2021) Osumi, Michihiro; Sumitani, Masahiko; Nishi, Yuki; Nobusako, Satoshi; Dilek, Burcu; Morioka, Shu
    Fear of movement-related pain is known to disturb the process of motor preparation in patients with chronic pain. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying the influence of fear movementrelated pain on motor preparatory brain activity using Libet's clock and electroencephalography (EEG). Healthy participants were asked to press a button while watching a rotating Libet's clock-hand, and report the number on the clock (W time) when they made the decision to press the button with their right index finger. Immediately after pressing the button, a painful electrical stimulus was delivered to the dorsum of the left hand, causing participants to feel fear of movement (button press-related pain). We found that fear of movementrelated pain caused the W time to be early, and that the amplitudes of readiness potentials (RPs) increased after awareness of motor intention emerged. In addition, fear of movement-related pain caused over-activation of the medial frontal cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, and primary motor cortex after participants became aware of their motor intention. Such over-activation might result from conflict between the unrealized desire to escape from a painful experience and motivation to perform a required motor task.
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    Investigation of grip strength, pain threshold, pain tolerance and function in smartphone users
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Kesli, Esra Ergun; Guclu, Bekir; Ozden, Fatih; Dilek, Burcu
    Purpose/Aim of the studyFew studies have demonstrated the effects of smartphone use on grip strength and upper extremity function. The present study was purposed to compare smartphone users' grip/lateral pinch strength, pain threshold/tolerance and upper limb function.Materials and methodsA prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 241 individuals. Participants were divided into three groups with the cut-off values of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) was used to determine the dominant side. Thumb pain threshold and tolerance were evaluated with the algometer. A hand dynamometer measured the grip and lateral pinch strength. Upper extremity functions were evaluated with the Shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (Quick-DASH).ResultsHandgrip strength of the dominant/non-dominant extremities and Quick-DASH scores were higher in low-level smartphone users (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups on lateral pinch strength and pain threshold/tolerance (p > 0.05). Smartphone usage significantly affected dominant and non-dominant hand grip strength (Standardized beta(1) = -0.15, beta(2) = -0.15, p < 0.05). In addition, the smartphone use level negatively affected dominant lateral pinch strength (Standardized beta = -0.12, p = 0.05). On the other hand, smartphone use positively affected upper extremity function (Standardized beta = 0.17, p < 0.05).ConclusionsAs smartphone addiction increases, standard handgrip strength and functionality decrease. Pain threshold/tolerance is not affected by smartphone use. Future studies should focus on fine motor skills to present a more comprehensive upper limb function evaluation.
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    Low frequency oscillations during hand laterality judgment task with and without personal perspectives: a preliminary study
    (Springer, 2023) Dilek, Burcu; Yildirim, Ebru; Hanoglu, Lutfu
    Sense of personal perspective is crucial for understanding in attentional mechanisms of the perception in self or other's body. In a hand laterality judgment (HLJ) task, perception of perspective can be assessed by arranging angular orientations and depths of images. A total of 11 healthy, right-handed participants (8 females, mean age: 38.36 years, education: 14 years) were included in the study. The purpose of this study was to investigate behavioural and cortical responses in low-frequency cortical rhythms during a HLJ task. A total of 80-visual hand stimuli were presented through the experiment. Hand visuals were categorized in the way of side (right vs. left) and perspective (1st vs. 3rd personal perspective). Both behavioural outcomes and brain oscillatory characteristics (i.e., frequency and amplitude) of the Electroencephalography were analysed. All reaction time and incorrect answers for 3rd person perspective were higher than the ones for 1st person perspective. Location effect was statistically significant in event-related theta responses confirming the dominant activity of theta frequency in spatial memory tasks on parietal and occipital areas. In addition, we found there were increasing in delta power and phase in hand visuals with 1st person perspective and increasing theta phase in hand visuals with 3rd person perspective (p < 0.05). Accordingly, a clear dissociation in the perception of perspectives in low-frequency bands was revealed. These different cortical strategy in the perception of hand visual with and without perspectives may be interpreted as delta activity may be related in self-body perception, whereas theta activity may be related in allocentric perception.