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    Demonstration of the effects of Raxil (tebuconazole) on the cell wall (glycocalyx) of the root tip cells in onion (Allium cepa L.) using Alcian blue
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2007) Aktac, Tulin; Yilmaz, Gulden; Dane, Feruzan; Bakar, Elvan
    In this study, the effect of Raxil FS 060 (60 g/L tebuconazole) on the cell wall of root tip cells of Allium cepa was investigated using the Alcian blue-specific interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The bulbs with roots of A. cepa were treated with different concentrations of Raxil for two days. Germinated root tips of onions were stained with 1% Alcian blue 8 GX, and counter-stained with 2% aceto orcein solution for 5 min (acetic orcein squash method). In the root tips treated with different concentrations of Raxil (0.8%, 6.6% and 26.4% doses), it could be shown that the cell walls were thickened by increasing doses. Constrictions of protoplasm and dissolutions of nuclei in root tip cells were clearly observed. According to these results, it was concluded that the triazole fungicide, tebucanozole, might be toxic on the root tip cells of Allium cepa.
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    The effects of Fusilade (Fluazifop-p-butyl) on germination, mitotic frequency and ?-amylase activity of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) seeds
    (Springer, 2007) Aksoy, Ozlem (Dalgic); Dane, Feruzan; Sanal, Filiz Ekinci; Aktac, Tulin
    In this study, seed germination percentages, effects on phases of mitosis and alpha-amylase enzyme activity of lentil seeds treated with four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of Fusilade (Fluazifop-p-butyl) were determined. Median EC ( effective concentration) values were calculated according to seed germination percentages after treatment for 72 h. Germination percentages of primary lentil roots decreased with increasing Fusilade concentrations. Cytological observations showed that the mitotic frequency in root meristematic cells were decreased parallel to the increase in concentrations and all Fusilade concentrations applied decreased the activity of a-amylase enzyme in lentil seeds. The obtained results indicate that the herbicide Fusilade had the ability to cause reduction in seed germination, mitotic frequency and also alpha-amylase activity of lentil seeds.
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    Protective effects of a-lipoic acid and chondroitin-4-sulfate against benomyl-induced toxicity in rats
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2013) Balkan, Seda; Aktac, Tulin
    In this study, the effects of fungicide benomyl and the protective effects of -lipoic acid (LA) and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) used as antioxidants on liver and kidney of rats were investigated. Benomyl (200mg kg(-1)), LA (200mg kg(-1)), and C4S (25mgkg(-1)) were administered intraperitoneally by injection once a week for a period of five weeks. The results of this study are as follows: benomyl given subchronically showed toxic effects in the form of lipid peroxidation (LPO) on liver and kidney, and LA and C4S had antioxidant effects on liver and kidney. When LA and C4S were applied together, they were more effective than individually. Furthermore, it was observed that LA and C4S had partial protective effects against the histopathological effects caused by benomyl.
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    The short-term effects of single toxic citric acid doses on mouse tissues - Histopathological study
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Aktac, Tulin; Kaboglu, Aysegul; Kizilay, Gulnur; Bakar, Elvan
    In this study, the acute-toxic effects of citric acid, a food preservative, were histopathologically investigated on the liver and kidney tissues of mice. A LD25 (480 mg/kg body weight) dose of citric acid was given by intraperitoneal injection, and after ten days several necrotic changes were observed in both tissues by light and electron microscopy. Citric acid treatment caused loosing and combining of hepatocyte membranes; cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes; picnotic nuclei; mononuclear cell infiltration in small areas, and degeneration of blood vessel endothelium in liver; damaging of cell membrane; picnotic nuclei and hypertrophy of lining epithelium of tubules; disappearing of basal membrane and fusing of tubules in kidney. It also caused a decrease in numbers and volume of mitochondria and increase in secondary lysosomes, disorganization and loss of mitochondrial cristae in both tissues, invagination of nucleus membrane in liver, disorder of basal infoldings, swelling in endoplasmic reticulum sacs and loss of junctional complex as well as partial separation of tubule cells in kidney. The results suggest that citric acid dose level has toxic effects in mice, and additional toxic properties must be examined in detail.
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    Solid state fermentation for the production of ?-amylase from Penicillium chrysogenum using mixed agricultural by-products as substrate
    (Springer, 2006) Ertan, Figen; Balkan, Bilal; Balkan, Seda; Aktac, Tulin
    Production of a-amylase from local isolate, Penicillium chrysogenum, under solid-state fermentation (SSF) was carried out in this study. Different agricultural by-products, such as wheat bran (WB), sunflower oil meal (SOM), and sugar beet oil cake (SBOC), were used as individual substrate for the enzyme production. WB showed the highest enzyme activity (750 U/gds). Combination of WB, SOM, and SBOC (1:3:1 w/w/w) resulted in a higher enzyme yield (845 U/gds) in comparison with the use of the individual substrate. This combination was used as mixed solid substrate for the production of a-amylase from P. chrysogenum by SSF. Fermentation conditions were optimized. Maximum enzyme yield (891 U/gds) was obtained when SSF was carried out using WB + SOM + SBOC (1:3:1 w/w/w), having initial moisture of 75 %, inoculum level of 20 %, incubation period of 7 days at 30 degrees C. Galactose (1 % w/w), urea and peptone (1 % w/w), as additives, caused increase in the enzyme activity.