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Öğe Assessment of the Awareness and Opinions of Turkish Medical Students Towards Violence Against Women: a Questionnaire-Based Study(Trakya Üniversitesi, 2021) Akay, Fatih Erkan; Kılıç, Ilgın; İşkan, Nur Gülce; Söyleyici, Begüm; Şenyiğit, Ece; Önal, F. GülsümAims: This study aims to evaluate the opinions of medical students about violence against women, the education they receive during medical school regarding violence against women, and how they would manage a case of violence victims if they were to encounter it in their medical careers. Methods: In this question- naire-based study, 610 medical students from 37 medical schools were approached, and their opinions towards violence against women were evaluated through an online questionnaire. Demographic data such as age and gender were also gathered. Students were grouped according to their gender (male and female) and study levels; 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades were grouped as pre-clinical, whereas students in 4th, 5th, and 6th grades were grouped as clinical. In comparing para- metric variables, the Student’s t-test was used, whereas, in non-parametric variables, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. The Chi-square test was used in the comparison of categorical variables. Results: There was a statistically significant difference within both groups (gender and study levels) for questions 5 (Which of the following would you describe as violence? [Multiple answers are allowed.]) and 13 (Do you think female physicians are exposed to violence more?). Our results also demonstrate a statistically significant difference for questions 15 (Is it obligatory for a physician to keep a legal report for a female patient who has been admitted to the emergency department as a victim of violence), 16 (It is not obligatory for a physician to keep a legal report for a female patient who has been admitted to the emergency department as a victim of violence without her consent.), and 17 (A physician is not obliged to complete the physical examina- tion or continue the diagnosis-treatment process of a female patient who has been a subject of violence without her consent.) between pre-clinical and clinical groups, where the clinical group gave the most correct answers. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results gave us a perspective that clinical students' awareness and management of violence against women is higher than pre-clinical students'. These results may be attributed to two factors; lectures on violence against women or the experience students attain during their clinical practices. Female students were keener in participating in our study. Further prospective studies with equal gender distribution investigating the possible impact of lectures about violence against women on physicians' management of similar situations are needed.Öğe Physician migration through the lens of patient and physician rights: A qualitative evaluation from the Turkish Parliament(2023) Önal, F. GülsümPhysician migration, which maintains global importance in terms of health ethics, is a phenomenon that has gained momentum in Türkiye throughout the recent years. However, there are limited studies on this subject, and no research has been found that addresses the issue in terms of health ethics and rights. In this regard, this study is likely to contribute to a better understanding of Türkiye’s physician migration. Furthermore, draw some attentions for solutions and health policies through the lens of physician and patients’ rights. The population of the retrospectively designed study consists of research proposals related to physician migration in the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the statements of members of parliament in the general assembly proceedings during the same period. Data obtained from transcripts that were searched using keywords such as “physician,” “doctor,” “health,” “migration,” and “foreign countries” were coded and subjected to content analysis using a qualitative method. Multifaceted findings emerged in the context of physician and patient rights in the categories of “reasons,” “consequences,” and “solutions”. It was observed that certain rights were more affected by the process, that rights were interdependent, and that structural regulations in the healthcare system were necessary for their fulfillment. There is a need for legislation that would concretely demonstrate physician rights in a legal status. In the context of physician rights, the prominence of “reasons” and the emphasis on patient rights in the “consequences” category also point to a significant ethical dilemma. The dilemma between the autonomy of the physician and the principle of justice, which is central to the ethical debate about physician migration, has been confirmed, indicating a need for further in-depth research on this topic. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how physician migration, which has recently increased in Türkiye, is addressed by members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in terms of physician and patient rights.Öğe Sağlık Sisteminde Adalet İlkesinin Kısa Tarihçesi: Sistematik İnceleme(2022) Önal, F. GülsümAdalet ilkesi, genelde olduğu gibi tıpta da özü itibarıyla haklara ve hakların yorumlanmasına dayanır. Ancak tıpta adalet, tarih boyunca böyle ele alınmamış, hak temelli adalet anlayışı modern çağ ve insan haklarının gelişimiyle koşut gelişmiştir. Bu çalışmada, dünyada ve Türkiye’de, modern tıp öncesi ve sonrasında 2000’li yılların başlangıç yıllarına kadar olan dönemde, adalet ilkesinin ele alınışındaki önemli değişimler temel tarihi köşe taşlarıyla sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Değer felsefesi açısından, Platon’da “bir fikir”, “bir ideal” olarak görülen adaleti, realiteye dayalı somut bir yaklaşıma kavuşturan ise Aristoteles’tir. Aristoteles, etiğin yanında adaletin toplumsal yanlarına vurgu yaparak “düzenleyici adalet/dağıtıcı adalet” şeklinde formüle etmiş, uzun dönemler boyunca etkili olan bu formülden özellikle ikincisi sosyal adalet fikrine de kaynaklık etmiştir. Sağlık hizmetlerinde ve tıp etiğinde adaletin bu türü, “dağıtıcı adalet” daha kullanışlı bulunmuş ve farklı kuramlar gelişmiştir. Adaletin, geniş ve sınırları zor çizilen bir kavram olması gibi adalet ilkesinin ele alınışında da farklı düzlemler vardır. Dağıtım adaletinin tıpta büyük ölçekli (makro dağıtım), orta ölçekli (mezo dağıtım), küçük ölçekli (mikro dağıtım) olmak üzere farklı düzeyleri bulunur ve tıp etiğinde de “Sağlık Politikaları Etiği”, “Araştırma Etiği” ve “Klinik Etik” bakımdan ayrı boyutlarda ele alınır. Tıpta adalet ilkesinin tanımı ise “Biyomedikal etiğin temel ilkelerinden biri olarak ortaya konmuş bulunan adalet ilkesi bağlamında; temel hak ve ödevlerin, sosyal yararların ve yüklerin paylaşımı sırasında hiç kimseye karşı rastgele ayrımcılık yapılmayacağını belirten ilkedir.” şeklinde yapılabilir. Bu çalışmanın kapsamı, Türkiye sağlık sisteminde, “sağlık politikaları etiği” ve “dağıtıcı adalet” bakımından 2000’li yıllara kadar dönemdeki tarihçe sınırlılığındadır.