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    Integrating field-based tests into weekly soccer training sessions: a comparison of physiological demands of three progressive multistage fitness tests and regular training demands
    (Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2023) Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Oliveira, Rafael; Kawczynski, Adam; Silva, Ana Filipa; Akyildiz, Zeki; Yildiz, Mehmet; Sagiroglu, Isa
    Purpose. This study compares the physiological demands of 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT), Yo -Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRT), and VAMEVAL test as related to training and match demands among youth soccer players. Methods. Overall, 12 under -19 male soccer players (18.21 +/- 0.34 years old) were monitored over 3 consecutive weeks for heart rate (HR) responses during training sessions and matches. During this period, they were assessed with 30-15IFT, YYIRT, and VAMEVAL. The measures were taken on the same day of the week to ensure replicable conditions between the tests. Results. The Friedman test revealed significant differences in the average HR (p = 0.006), time in HR zone 3 (p < 0.001), and time in HR zone 4 (p = 0.039) between the tests. Considering the representativeness of the tests in comparison with training sessions and matches, both 30-15IFT and VAMEVAL corresponded to 48% and 46% of the training session load 3 days before the match day (936 +/- 447 s) and on the match day (831 +/- 533 s), respectively. Conclusions. YYIRT imposed greater time exposure to high HR intensities (in the zones of 80-100% of HR maximum) than VAMEVAL and 30-15IFT. Moreover, the multistage fitness tests corresponded to slightly more than half of the time in which a player was exposed to 80% and 100% of HR maximum during a regular training session and match day. These findings may assist coaches in understanding how to incorporate intermittent fitness tests within training in order to accurately replicate HR responses of match conditions.
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    Locomotor demands of 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, and VAMEVAL test and comparisons with regular locomotor demands in training sessions and matches: a study conducted in youth male soccer players
    (Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2023) Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Oliveira, Rafael; Akyildiz, Zeki; Yildiz, Mehmet; Sagiroglu, Isa; Silva, Ana Filipa
    Purpose: The study aim was 2-fold: (i) characterize and compare the locomotor demands of 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRT), and VAMEVAL test; (ii) compare the locomotor demands of these progressive multistage tests with those of training sessions and matches in youth soccer players. Methods: A descriptive case study lasting 3 weeks was performed to implement the tests once and to monitor the locomotor demands in training sessions and matches. Overall, 12 soccer players (age: 18.21 +/- 0.34 years) from the same team participated after consideration of inclusion criteria. A Global Positioning System unit was used for each player over the training sessions, matches, and multistage tests to monitor locomotor demands. The following outcomes were extracted: total distance; peak speed; distances covered at 3.00-6.99 km/h (Z1), 7.00-10.99 km/h (Z2), 11.00-14.99 km/h (Z3), 15.00-18.99 km/h (Z4), and 19.00 km/h (Z5); accelerations at 0.50 to 0.99 m/s(2) and 1.00 to 1.99 m/s(2); and decelerations at -0.99 to -0.50 m/s(2) and -1.99 to -1.00 m/s(2). Results: Significant differences between progressive multistage tests were found in total distance (p = 0.028); distances covered at Z1 (p < 0.001), Z2 (p < 0.001), Z3 (p < 0.001), Z4 (p = 0.009), and Z5 (p = 0.044); accelerations at 0.50 to 0.99 m/s(2) (p < 0.001) and 1.00 to 1.99 m/s(2) (p < 0.001); and decelerations at -0.99 to -0.50 m/s(2) (p < 0.001) and -1.99 to -1.00 m/s(2) (p < 0.001). The total distance of the 3 progressive multistage tests may vary between 39% and 49% of a middle training session (match-day 3). However, as for intense locomotor demands at distance covered at Z4, 2 of the field-based tests exceeded a typical match-day 3 between 308 m (+83%) in 30-15IFT and 112 m (+30%) in YYIRT. Conclusions: The results suggests that 30-15IFT is more demanding considering high-intensity locomotor activities, while YYIRT and VAMEVAL are more demanding considering moderate locomotor demands. Moreover, specific adjustments in training sessions must be conducted, especially when introducing 30-15IFT and YYIRT since they may exceed the typical doses of distances covered at 11.00-14.99 km/h and 15.00-18.99 km/h.
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    Validity and reliability of Polar Team Pro GPS units for assessing maximum sprint speed in soccer players
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Sagiroglu, Isa; Akyildiz, Zeki; Yildiz, Mehmet; Clemente, Filipe Manuel
    Previous research has reported inconsistencies in the validity and reliability of different brands of global positioning systems (GPS). Therefore, it should be questioned whether GPS units measure the maximum speed measurements validly and reliably. The current study aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of Polar Team Pro GPS units (10 Hz) when used to measure maximum sprint speed. Sixteen amateur soccer players (age: 27.22 +/- 4.70 years; height: 177 +/- 6.05 cm; body mass: 73.66 +/- 5.63 kg) were tested in the 40 m sprint. Two Polar Team Pro GPS units were positioned on each player, while the radar was placed on a 1 m high tripod placed 10 m behind the starting point. The data obtained from the Polar Team Pro GPS units were compared to determine inter-unit reliability. The data obtained from one of the Polar Team Pro GPS units and radar gun (gold standard) were compared to determine validity. Good inter-unit reliability between the Polar Team Pro GPS units was reported for maximum sprint speed, with low coefficients of variation (5%-6%) and low smallest worthwhile changes (0.4 for all systems). Regarding validity, the coefficient of correlation was extremely high for maximum sprint speed (r = 0.938, p < 0.001). Moreover, measurement differences between both systems were statistically insignificant (Mean Bias error = 0.144, R-2 = 0.879, MAPE = 1.6%, MAE = 0.688, and RMSE = 0.697). Consequently, good reliability and perfect validity were observed, indicating that the Polar Team Pro GPS unit is suitable for maximum sprint speed measurements.