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    Hydro-chemical assessment of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater from east and west coasts of Bangladesh and India
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Jannat, Jannatun Nahar; Khan, Md Sanjid Islam; Islam, H. M. Touhidul; Islam, Md Saiful; Khan, Rahat; Siddique, Md Abu Bakar; Varol, Memet
    Groundwater from the coastal alluvial plain is the primary water source in coastal areas. Its contaminants, such as nitrate and fluoride, are significant concerns for freshwater supply and human health issues. Although spatiotemporal variability of nitrate and fluoride levels has been analyzed individually in the Indo-Bangladesh coastal region, their drivers and hydro-chemical analysis have scarcely been studied. Thus, to assess the groundwater quality, hydro-chemistry, and drivers in coastal alluvial aquifers, 123 groundwater samples were collected from the east (Bangladesh) and west coasts (India) for assessment of nitrate and fluoride levels and major physiochemical parameters. Multivariate statistical and hydro-chemical analysis and public health risk appraisal were carried out for this purpose. The results showed that 25% (East coast) and 22.39% (West coast) of groundwater samples surpassed the allowable limit of fluoride with a maximum concentration of up to 16.11 mg/L and the tolerable nitrate limit slightly exceeded 10 mg/L. Furthermore, we note that industrial waste, synthetic pesticides, and agricultural fertilizer triggered the leaching of nitrate into groundwater, while the release of fluoride into groundwater was possibly due to evaporite dissolution, carbonate mineral weathering, and ion exchange processes on both coasts. About 28.36% (26.79%) of groundwater samples possessed poor quality on the east (west) coasts. Considering the uncertainties of the variables, the mean hazard quotient ingestion values of fluoride faced by children (adults) were 10.5 (1.39) and 5.56 (6.9 x 10-1), respectively, on the east (west) coasts, demonstrating a high non-carcinogenic risk to people, particularly, children, who cannot be neglected. Children had two times higher health risks than the adult inhabitants in both regions studied. Probabilistic models can reveal health risks more extensively than deterministic models. This study came up with strategies for improving sustainable groundwater quality and managing health risks in coastal regions.
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    Identifying factors affecting irrigation metrics in the Haor basin using integrated Shannon?s entropy, fuzzy logic and automatic linear model
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2023) Mia, Md Yousuf; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul; Jannat, Jannatun Nahar; Jion, Most Mastura Munia Farjana; Sarker, Aniruddha; Tokatli, Cem; Siddique, Md Abu Bakar
    The sustainability of agricultural practices is seriously threatened by the quality of water used for irrigation. This paper aims to evaluate the suitability of irrigation water and identify the region suitable for agricultural use in the Haor basin of Bangladesh using conventional irrigation indices such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (Na%), magnesium hazard ratio (MHR), permeability index (PI), and Kelly's ratio (KR), as well as novel irrigation indices such as, Shannon's entropy index for irrigation water quality (EWQ) and fuzzy logic index for irrigation water quality (FIWQI). The main influences of groundwater and surface water parameters on irrigation indices were predicted using automatic linear modeling (ALM). Forty water samples were collected from shallow tube wells, rivers, canals, ponds, and drainage systems within agricultural land sampled and analyzed for cations and anions. SAR and KR show that 52.5% and 60% of the samples exceeded the allowable level, respectively, indicating that they were unsuitable for irrigation. According to EWQI, about 55% of the analyzed samples were of good quality, while 45% were of medium quality. ALM predicted that KR (0.98), Na% (0.87), and MHR (0.14) were the main significant factors affecting SAR and KR. ALM shows that elevated sodium, magnesium, and calcium are the most important factors affecting irrigation water suitability. The EWQI and FIWQI integrated models showed that water from nearly 30% of the sampling sites would need treatment before use. A new suitability map created by overlaying all parameters showed that surface water and some groundwater in the western and southwestern portions are suitable for agriculture. The north-central part is unsuitable for irrigation due to excessive sodium and magnesium levels. This paper will highlight the irrigation pattern for regional water resource use, identify new suitable regions, and improve sustainable agricultural practices in the Haor basin.