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Öğe Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis by Culture, Serology and Molecular Methods in Mice of Thrace Region, Turkey(Ankara Microbiology Soc, 2014) Unal Yilmaz, Gulizar; Gurcan, Saban; Ozkan, Beytullah; Karadenizli, AynurTularemia is a disease that has been reported in Turkey since 1936. Although mice are considered to have a role in the transmission of Francisella tularensis to man, this has not been exactly confirmed yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of F. tularensis in mice by using culture, serology and molecular methods. For this purpose, four villages (Edirne-Demirkoy, Kirklareli-Kaynarca, Tekirdag-Muzruplu, Tekirdag-Sinanli) were selected in Thrace Region of Turkey where tularemia cases had been reported previously. A total of 126 live-catch mouse traps were established in warehouses, barns, areas near wells, water tanks and creeks in the villages in December 2012. Traps were kept overnight and the next day the animals collected were identified at species-level. The live-captured mice were anesthetized and their heart blood samples were obtained. Subsequently, liver and spleen tissues were removed from every mouse under aseptic conditions in the class-2 safety cabinet. These tissues were cultivated in Francis medium containing 5% sheep blood, 0.1% cystein, 1% glucose and incubated for seven days in both normal atmosphere and 5% carbondioxide incubator at 37 degrees C. Tularemia microagglutination test was performed by using the sera which were obtained from live-captured mice. Finally, DNAs were isolated from both liver and spleen tissues of mice, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (Tularemia RT-PCR; Public Health Agency of Turkey, Ankara) were performed. In our study, a total of 19 mice were captured and of these 11 were alive. Ten mice were identified as Apodemus flavicollis, seven were Mus macedonicus and two were Mus musculus. There were no Francisella tularensis isolation in the cultures of mice liver and spleen tissues. Serological tests yielded negative results for 10 mice whose serum samples could be obtained. In RT-PCR, positivity were detected in spleen tissues of two mice which were captured from Kaynarca where first tularemia cases in Turkey in 1936 were reported but has no report from then on. One of them was a live female Mus macedonicus, and the other was a dead male Apodemus flavicollis. In quantitative evaluation, number of microorganism per organ were calculated as 4 x 10(3) cfu/spleen in Mus macedonicus and 4 x 10(4) cfu/spleen in Apodemus flavicollis. This is the first study in Turkey indicating that the mice in natural environment harbored Etularensis. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the agent of tularemia has been retained since 1936 in Kaynarca region and this persistence might present a potential risk for tularemia epidemics.Öğe Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence yields new insight into the speciation of social voles in south-west Asia(Oxford Univ Press, 2009) Krystufek, Boris; Buzan, Elena V.; Vohralik, Vladimir; Zareie, Roghaieh; Ozkan, BeytullahWe established a cytochrome b (cyt b) phylogeny for six species of social voles. A Bayesian approach to phylogenetic reconstruction (BI) and a maximum likelihood (ML) tree revealed a dichotomy into two major clusters, namely a Microtus guentheri cluster and a M. socialis cluster. The three main lineages that emerged within each of these two clusters were separated by the K2P divergences which are above the intraspecific variation in Microtus. All six species were also retrieved in the minimum spanning network. Within its present taxonomic scope, M. guentheri is paraphyletic and consists of two allopatric sibling species: M. guentheri (Syria, Israel) and M. hartingi (Anatolia and the Balkans). The closest relative to these two species is M. dogramacii, which is possibly a sister species to M. hartingi. The two geographic samples were identified as M. irani, one from Shiraz (Iran) and the other from Balkusan (Turkey). The cyt b sequence confirmed the specific status of M. anatolicus within the M. socialis cluster. Although five species of social voles occur within a radius of < 500 km in the north-eastern corner of the Mediterranean, small-scale sympatry is exceptional. Species richness in this region possibly originates from past fragmentation with subsequent allopatric speciation in refugial areas. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 121-128.Öğe New Distributional Records and Some Notes for Greater Noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Turkey(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2011) Paksuz, Serbulent; Ozkan, BeytullahThe greater noctule, Nyctalus lasiopterus is one of the least known vespertilionid bats in Turkey, and more information is needed to evaluate its presence in Turkey. In this study, we report the species from Anatolia and the European part of Turkey. This is the first record from the European part of Turkey with an unusual roosting site. The recent records of N. lasiopterus from Turkey indicate that the species has a wide range in Turkey as a resident species, and its roosting habitats are represented by mainly mountainous and coniferous forests in Turkey.Öğe Protection of bats in caves opened for tourism: a reply to Furman, Coraman & Bilgin(Cambridge Univ Press, 2012) Paksuz, Serbulent; Ozkan, Beytullah[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The protection of the bat community in the Dupnisa Cave System, Turkey, following opening for tourism(Cambridge Univ Press, 2012) Paksuz, Serbulent; Ozkan, BeytullahThe aim of this study was to protect the bat community and roosting sites in the Dupnisa Cave System in the Yildiz (Istranca) Mountains in Thrace, the European part of Turkey, following the opening of the caves to tourism. We investigated the seasonal population dynamics and use of the cave system by bats, carrying out 15 surveys before (2002-2003) and 38 surveys after (2004-2008) the cave system was opened to tourism. We recorded 15 species of bats; the highest numbers recorded in a single survey were 54,600 hibernating and 11,000 breeding/nursing. Different parts of the cave system are used by bats to various degrees according to season. To protect the bats and the cave system the visitor schedule took into consideration the differences in seasonal use of the caves by bats. There was a significant increase in the total number of bats recorded in the cave system after opening for tourism, possibly because the gating of two entrances helped to control visitation. The results of our surveys of this cave system show that gating of entrances and visits by tourists are not necessarily incompatible with the use of caves by bats for both hibernating and nursing. Understanding how the three caves are used seasonally by the bat community, and for what purposes ( hibernation vs nursing), was critical for the establishment of an appropriate management plan for tourism.Öğe Size variation in the Northern white-breasted hedgehog Erinaceus roumanicus: latitudinal cline and the island rule(Walter De Gruyter & Co, 2009) Krystufek, Boris; Tvrtkovic, Nikola; Paunovic, Milan; Ozkan, BeytullahWe explored patterns of size variation for mainland and island populations of Erinaceus roumanicus. Size was expressed either as the condylobasal length of the skull or as the first eigenvector obtained from a principal components analysis of a correlation matrix with four cranial variables. Both estimators were highly correlated. The pattern of size variation across Europe was a smooth cline, with the largest hedgehogs in the south. Furthermore, size correlated positively with temperature and negatively with summer precipitation. Regression model of the mainland hedgehog size against eight climatic variables significantly overestimated size in three out of four insular populations. Insular hedgehogs tended to be smaller on remote islands and larger on islands close to the coast, their putative source of colonization. We suggest that the major driving force determining size of mainland hedgehogs might be seasonality in resource availability. Size adjustment in island hedgehogs, however, was mainly concordant with the island rule which predicts convergence towards a size of approximately 100 g. The insular response was not uniform and large size close to the mainland is possibly a result of frequent introductions.
