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    Assessment of Reduced Tolerance to Sound (Hyperacusis) in University Students
    (Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2017) Yilmaz, Sule; Tas, Memduha; Bulut, Erdogan; Nurcin, Elcin
    Introduction: Hyperacusis is defined as a reduction in tolerance to ordinary environmental sounds. Hyperacusis can occur in individuals of all age groups, making daily life difficult for the sufferers. Although there is no objective test to accurately diagnose hyperacusis, questionnaires are useful for the assessment of hyperacusis. The aim of this study was to explore the reduced sound tolerance in university students using a hyperacusis questionnaire (HQ). Materials and Methods: A total of 536 university students (300 females and 236 males) aged between 18 and 25 years, with a mean age of 21.34 +/- 1.87 years, were assessed using an HQ developed by Khalfa. The mean total score of all the participants was 16.34 +/- 7.91, and 5.78% of the participants had total scores indicating hyperacusis, where a majority of them were females. Results: Females had significantly higher scores than men in terms of both the total and the attentional and emotional dimensions. The scores of the participants who reported noise exposure or a decrease in their tolerance to noise were significantly higher than those of the other participants. Even among young adults, there was a group of participants suffering from some problems related to decreased tolerance to everyday sounds. Discussion: Although the Turkish translation of the HQ seems to be a reliable tool for evaluating hyperacusis in young adults, further work with various populations of different age groups is required to establish validity and to assess the psychometric qualities of the Turkish form.
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    Evaluation of the Olivocochlear Efferent System Activation After Exposure to Music in Young Individuals
    (Aves, 2019) Bulut, Erdogan; Nurcin, Elcin; Yilmaz, Sule; Guven, Selis Gulseven; Tas, Memduha
    Objective: In this study, a protective role of the olivocochlear efferent system activation on the hearing system in young individuals after music exposure (ME) was investigated. Methods: Twenty two young adults aged 19-22 years (mean age +/- standard deviation, 19.63 +/- 0.83) with normal hearing participated in the study. All participants listened to music at 85.4 dBA for 30 minutes. An audiological evaluation including pure tone audiometry, immittance measurements, Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs), and Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEOAEs) with and without contralateral acoustic stimuli (CAS) was done before ME, immediately after ME, and after a rest period. Results: No significant differences in pure tone audiometry and the DPOAE signal-to-noise ratio (S/N-R) results were found among the three measurement sessions (before ME, immediately after ME, and after the rest period) in all measured frequencies (p>0.05). There was a significant increase in the contralateral stapes reflex threshold at 0.5 kHz, measured immediately after ME (p=0.02), while no significant difference was found in the measured frequency after resting (p>0.05). In the TEOAE S/N-R responses, a statistically significant decrease was found at 1 kHz (p=0.016) and 1.4 kHz (p=0.009) immediately after ME, whereas no significant difference was found between the TEOAE S/N-R responses measured before ME and after resting (p>0.05). Compared to the conditions before the exposure, there was a statistically significant decrease (p<0.001) in all center frequencies measured immediately after ME and after resting conditions in the TEOAE amplitudes obtained in the presence of CAS. Conclusion: The contralateral stapes reflex thresholds increase after ME, and a significant suppression effect of the TEOAE amplitudes in the presence of CAS suggests that the olivocochlear efferent system plays a role in protecting the auditory system from acoustic trauma.