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    ASSESSING WATER QUALITY OF BOYALI DAM LAKE (SINOP, TURKEY) BY USING ECOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL INDICATORS
    (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rolniczego Hugona Kollataja Krakowie, 2021) Mutlu, Ekrem; Arslan, Naime; Tokatli, Cem
    Aim of the study In the present study, the spatial-temporal variations of water quality in Boyali Pond were analyzed. Water Quality Index (WQI) based on the World Health Organization's standards specified for drinking water and Water Quality Control Regulations in Turkey (WQCR), as well as certain multi-statistical methods, were used in analyzing the water quality. Material and methods Water samples were collected from 5 stations selected in the lake on monthly basis in 2019 and 30 water quality parameters were measured in total. Water Quality Index (WQI), Factor Analysis (FA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were used in order to determine the differences between the spatial and temporal quality levels and to classify the investigated locations. Results and conclusions According to data observed, Boyali Dam Lake was found to have Class I and Class II water quality. In general, the WQI results obtained suggested that, although the water quality was found to significantly decrease in summer months, the reservoir was found to have an A Grade - Excellent water quality (< 50) in all the months and stations analyzed here. WQI values recorded in the dam lake ranged between 16.4 and 27.8 and the detected limnologic parameters did not exceed the standards specified for drinking water in any of the investigated months and stations (< 50 for WQI). As a result of FA, 3 factors explained 88.9% of total variances and as a result of CA, 2 statistical clusters were formed.
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    Assessment of the potentially toxic element contamination in water of Sehriban Stream (Black Sea Region, Turkey) by using statistical and ecological indicators
    (Wiley, 2021) Tokatli, Cem; Mutlu, Ekrem; Arslan, Naime
    In the present study, the spatial-temporal variations of iron, lead, copper, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and zinc accumulations in the water of Sehriban Stream (northern Turkey) were investigated. Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), and Factor Analysis (FA) were used in analyzing the water quality. Sampling was performed in 12 stations on monthly basis between February 2019 and January 2020 (a hydrological year). The data showed that the Sehriban Stream had significantly high water quality characteristics and the investigated toxicants were not found as dangerous for health. Although there was a slight decrease in the water quality from upstream to downstream, the stream was found to have 1st class water quality in general. As a result of WQI and HEI, although it was determined that the water quality decreased slightly in autumn, the stream was found to be A Grade - Excellent (<50) and Low Contamination (<10), respectively. As a result of PCI, strong positive correlations were found between almost all the toxicants investigated here (p < 0.01). As a result of FA, 2 factors (Agriculture - Forestry and Rock Structure) explained 86% of the total variance.
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    Spatiotemporal variations, health risk assessment, and sources of potentially toxic elements in potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (Turkiye), Black Sea Region
    (Springer, 2024) Tokatli, Cem; Mutlu, Ekrem; Ustaoglu, Fikret; Islam, Abu Reza Towfiqul; Muhammad, Said
    Monitoring and protecting freshwater habitats are paramount for a sustainable water management perspective. This study investigated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the potamic water of the Anday Stream Basin (T & uuml;rkiye), Black Sea Region, for a hydrological year (from May 2020 to April 2021). Among PTEs, the highest average values were recorded for sodium (Na) at 41.3 mg/L and the lowest for mercury (Hg) at 0.009 mu g/L and noted under quality guidelines. The stream was found to be at the level of Low Heavy Metal Pollution and Low Contamination based on the ecotoxicological risk indices. The highest calculated hazard quotient (HQ) value of 1.21E-02 for Cd was noted in the children via the dermal pathway and the lowest of 6.91E-06 for Fe in adults via the ingestion pathway. Results revealed a higher hazard index (HI) value of 1.50E-02 for Cd to children and the lowest of 1.98E-05 for Fe to adults. As a result of applying agricultural risk indices, the stream showed sodium adsorption ratio values less than 6 and was found to be Excellent for agriculture. However, the sodium percentage values were less than 20 and found Permissible and the magnesium hazard > 50 and noted as Unsuitable for agriculture. Statistical analysis revealed that natural factors mainly attributed to PTE contamination of the Anday Stream Basin.
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    Water quality assessment of Sehriban stream (Kastamonu, TurkIye) from a multi-statistical perspective
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Mutlu, Ekrem; Tokatli, Cem; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul; Islam, Md. Saiful; Muhammad, Said
    In this paper, water quality of Sehriban Stream, a rare freshwater ecosystem far from human impact and located in the western part of Turkiye's Karadeniz Region, was studied over a long period of time (a hydrological year). Multivariate statistical approaches such as Pearson Correlation Index (PCI), Factor Analysis (FA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and self-organising maps (SOM) were used to evaluate the water quality and physico-chemical datasets. Samples were taken monthly during February 2019 - January 2020 from 12 stations and a total of 21 physicochemical parameters were investigated. The spatiotemporal averages of some organic pollution parameters investigated in the basin were determined as follows: 344 mu S/cm for EC, 0.80 mg/L for COD, 0.42 mg/L for BOD, 0.02 mg/L for PO42-, 34.4 mg/L for SO42-, 0.00009 mg/L for NO2, 1.36 mg/L for NO3 and 0.0002 mg/L for NH4-. According to the findings of this study, despite a modest decline in water quality from upstream to downstream, Sehriban Stream was revealed to have first-class water quality features in general and all parameters detected in all seasons at all the investigated stations were below the limit values reported by WHO. The SOM analysis detected three spatial patterns, e.g. pH-salinity-K+-PO42--Mg2+-NO2; DO-Ca2+-NH4- and TDS-EC-Cl--SO42--COD-BOD-Na+ in water. As a result of PCI, significant positive and negative correlations were recorded among the investigated parameters. Results of FA showed that 2 factors elucidated 85% of total variances, which are named 'Agricultural Factor' and 'Natural Factor'. As a result of CA, 3 significant clusters were identified, which are named 'Lower Polluted Zone', 'Moderate Polluted Zone' and 'Higher Polluted Zone'. Overall, this work showed that multi-statistical approaches can be used to assess the water quality in a rare, unpolluted habitat over time and space.
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    WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF YASSIALAN DAM LAKE (KARADENIZ REGION, TURKEY) BY USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX
    (Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rolniczego Hugona Kollataja Krakowie, 2021) Mutlu, Ekrem; Arslan, Naime; Tokatli, Cem
    Aim of the study In this research, spatial-temporal variations of water quality in Yassialan Dam Lake were investigated by determining a total of 28 limnologic parameters and by using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Principle Component (PCA). Material and methods Water samples were collected from seven stations selected on the reservoir monthly in 2018-2019 and total of 28 water quality parameters were measured in water samples. WQI was used for evaluating the water quality by using the parameters of pH, EC, Cl, NO2, NO3, SO4, Na, Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg, Ni, Zn, and PCA was used for evaluating the water quality by using the variables of pH, BOD, EC, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, temperature, total alkalinity, Hg, Ca, NO3, NO2, NH4, SO4, Mg, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cl, Zn, Cd, S, Na, K, Pb, Cu. Results and conclusions According to data observed, water of the Yassialan Dam Lake has 1st - 2nd Class water quality in general and according to the results of WQI, although it was determined that the water quality decreased significantly in summer period, the reservoir was found as A Grade - Excellent water quality (<50) in all the investigated months and at all the investigated stations. WQI values recorded in the dam lake were found as 15.3 - 26.1 and the detected limnologic parameters did not exceed the specified drinking water standards in all the investigated months and at all the investigated stations. According to the results of PCA, 3 factors explained 84.2% of total variances.