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    Differences in grain zinc are not correlated with root uptake and grain translocation of zinc in wild emmer and durum wheat genotypes
    (Springer, 2017) Yilmaz, Ozlem; Kazar, Gamze Altintas; Cakmak, Ismail; Ozturk, Levent
    Cereal-based foods fall short of providing adequate dietary zinc (Zn) to human beings. Developing new genotypes with high genetic capacity for root uptake and grain deposition of Zn is an important challenge. There is a large genetic variation for grain Zn concentration among and between wheat species, especially within wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) that can be exploited in order to understand the physiological mechanisms contributing to grain Zn accumulation. Eight different wild emmer genotypes and two durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars were used to investigate root uptake, root-to-shoot translocation and remobilization (i.e., retranslocation) from flag leaves into grains of (ZnSO4)-Zn-65-treated plants. The initial seed Zn concentrations of wild emmer wheat and durum genotypes used in the experiments were different, ranging from 45 to 73 mg kg(-1) and from 35 to 40 mg kg(-1), respectively. Plants were grown in nutrient solution for the experiments investigating root uptake and shoot transport of Zn by using Zn-65 labeled ZnSO4 and in soil medium for the experiments studying shoot and grain Zn concentrations and Zn-65 translocation from flag leaves into grains. The treatment of flag leaves with Zn-65 was realized by immersion of flag leaves into (ZnSO4)-Zn-65 solution for 15 seconds and for 5 times during the anthesis and early milk stages. Wild emmer and durum wheat genotypes expressed highly significant differences in root uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Zn-65 and translocation of Zn-65 from flag leaves into grains. However, none of these parameters showed a significant correlation either with the initial seed Zn concentrations at sowing or the grain Zn concentrations at harvest. The durum wheat cultivars with higher grain yield had lower concentration of Zn both in seeds at sowing or in grains at harvest, while wild emmer genotypes with lower grain yield capacity had higher concentration of Zn both in seeds at sowing or in grains at harvest. The concentration or content (total amount) of Zn in shoot during the early growth stage also did not correlate with the initial seed Zn concentrations. Differences in grain Zn concentration of wild emmer and cultivated wheats could not be explained by root Zn uptake and Zn translocation from flag leaf into grains during seedling and reproductive growth stages, respectively. It seems that there are additional key factors affecting the expression of genetic variation for grain Zn accumulation.
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    EVALUATION OF BACTERIAL CYTOTOXICITY OF S. Entomophila AND B. Thuringiensis ON MEF, DU145 AND HELA CELLS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Kazar, Gamze Altintas; Sen, Ece
    Bacterial cancer therapy is the use of live, attenuated or genetically modified bacteria or bacterial products against cancer cells and tumors. Interest has been focused on the therapy by Clostridium spp., Salmonella spp., and Bacillus spp.. The aim of study is investigating the anti-cancer potential of B. thuringiensis and S. entomophila strains on HeLa and DU145 cancer cell lines comparing to healthy MEF cell line. B. thuringiensis and S. entomophila strains were incubated with cell lines of DU145, MEF and HeLa and the cell viability, apoptosis percentage and caspase-3 activity was assessed. B. thuringiensis decreases the viability of DU145 cells up to 40 % and MEF cells up to 60% while S. entomophila reduces the viability of cell average to 74 % and most effected cell line is found to be HeLa with the viability percentage of 59%. Apoptotic MEF and HeLa cell percentages were found to have similar values of 16% for both S. entomophila and B. thuringiensis incubation. Only different apoptotic percentage values observed were for the DU145 cell line that 6% with B. thuringiensis treatment and 23% with S. entomophila treatment. DU145 yielded exactly the same value of control sample when incubated with B. thuringiensis however S. entomophila treatment caused five-fold increase in caspase-3 activity of DU145 cells. By the study, it is found first time that S. entomophila has selective cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines of HeLa and DU145 whereas B. thuringiensis has no detectable selective cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines compared to healthy cell line.