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Öğe Aktif Hastalarda Diz Medial Kondil Sınırlı ID Kıkırdak Defektlerinde Yüzey Kaplama Artroplastisi Tedavi Sonuçlarımız(2020) Karahan, Nazım; Yılmaz, Barış; Kaya, Murat; Kömür, Baran; Aktaş, Erdem; Heybeli, NurettinAmaç: Bu çalışmada konservatif tedavi veya biyolojik yöntemler ile tedavi edilemeyen,aktif yaşantısı olan hasta grubunun kıkırdak sorunlarında uyguladığımız sınırlı yüzeyartroplasti olgularımızın klinik sonuçlarını sunmayı amaçladık.Yöntem: Nisan 2010-Mart 2014 tarihleri arasında diz medial kondil sınırlı kıkırdakdefekti nedeni diz yüzey kaplama artroplastisi uygulanan hastalar retrospektif olarakdeğerlendirildi. Çalışmaya medial femur kıkırdak lezyonu olan, MR veya artroskopiyledoğrulanmış, ICRS 3-4 ve 4 cm2’den az olan, hastalar dahil edilmiştir. Hastalar VAS,Amerikan Diz Cemiyeti Kriterlerine ve fonksiyon skorlarına göre değerlendirildiler.Bulgular: Çalışmaya 8 erkek, 24 kadın toplam 32 olgu dahil edildi. Olguların yaş ortalaması53.1±3.2 yıldır. Olguların 18’ü (%56.3) sağ tarafından, 14’u (%43.7) sol tarafındanoperasyon geçirmiştir. Olguların takip süreleri 24 ile 30 ay arasında değişmekteolup, ortalaması 26.6±1.9 aydır Olguların preoperatif VAS düzeylerine göre postoperatifVAS düzeylerinde görülen düşüş istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.01).Olguların preoperatif Amerikan Diz Cemiyet Skorlarına göre postoperatif diz skorlarındaistatistiksel olarak anlamlı artış gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.01). Preoperatif diz fonksiyonskorları 46.5±9.1, postoperatif diz skorları 77.3±7.7 olarak görüldü. Olguların preoperatifdiz fonksiyon skorlarına göre postoperatif diz fonksiyon skorlarında istatistikselolarak anlamlı artış gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.01).Sonuç: Lokal kıkırdak hasarı olan hastalarda yüzeyel artroplasti uygulaması, klinikolarak erken dönemde şikayetleri azaltma ve diz fonksiyonlarında iyileşme sağlamaktadır.Öğe Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Ceriodaphnia quadrangula Ephippia Chitosan(Ars Docendi, 2016) Asan-Ozusaglam, Meltem; Cakmak, Yavuz Selim; Kaya, Murat; Erdogan, Sevil; Baran, Talat; Mentes, Ayfer; Saman, IhsanThe chitosan from ephippia of Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (Crustaceae) has been fully characterized in our previous study, and in this work it was tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities against human and fish pathogens, while also determining its antioxidant activities. Using the disc diffusion method showed that the antimicrobial activity was observed against all tested microorganisms in the range of 12.84 -16.28 mm. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was found to be 0.63 - 2.50 mg/ml. Chitosan obtained from C. quadrangula ephippia showed higher antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria than commercial antibiotics. While chitosan inhibited 35.83% of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (at 5 mg/ml), it showed an activity of 14.48 mu g/ml for ferrous ion reducing. Consequently, it is suggested that chitosan obtained from the ephippia of C. quadrangula (Crustacea) can be used as food/feed additives, preservatives or in the pharmaceutical industry instead of using synthetic antimicrobials and antioxidants.Öğe Birinci lomber omurgada kullanılabilecek en uzun pedikül vidası boyunun belirlenmesi(2011) Çopuroğlu, Cem; Çiftdemir, Mert; Özcan, Mert; Kaya, Murat; Yalnız, ErolAmaç: Pediküller arası mesafe ve faset eklemler arası seviye ile ön korteks arasındaki mesafenin ölçülerek birinci lomber omurgada kullanılabilecek en uzun pedikül vida boyunun belirlenmesi. Hastalar ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma geriye dönük olarak yapılmıştır (n=75, 25 kadın, 50 erkek). Hastaların ön-arka (AP) grafilerinde, L1 omurgalarında pediküller arası mesafe ve yan grafilerinde faset eklemler arası seviye ile ön korteks arasındaki mesafe ölçüldü. Bu ölçümler yardımı ile bir dik üçgen oluşturuldu ve bir katsayı elde ederek koyulabilecek en uzun pedikül vidası boyu hesaplandı. Sonuçlar: Bir dik üçgenin kenarlarının karelerinin toplamı, hipotenüsün karesine eşittir. Pediküller arası mesafenin yarısı ve faset eklemlerin seviyesi ile ön korteks arasındaki mesafe bir dik üçgenin kenarlarını oluşturur. Pedikülden gidebilecek vidanın en uzun mesafesi, bu üçgenin hipotenüsüne eşittir. Pediküller arası mesafenin yarısı ile en uzun vida boyu oranlandığında ortalama 3.448 katsayısı elde edildi. Çıkarımlar: Ön-arka grafide ölçülen pediküller arası mesafenin yarısı, yaklaşık 3 ile çarpıldığında maksimum pedikül vidası boyu hesaplanabilir. Bu yöntem, ameliyat öncesi grafiden, kullanılabilecek en uzun pedikül vidası boyunun hesaplanabilmesi için kolay bir yoldur.Öğe Characterisation of ?-chitin extracted from a lichenised fungus species Xanthoria parietina(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Kaya, Murat; Halici, Mehmet Gokhan; Duman, Fatih; Erdogan, Sevil; Baran, TalatLichens are symbiotic associations formed mainly by ascomycete fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria. The presence of chitin in the fungal cell wall has been revealed by previous studies. Considering the presence of fungi in the lichens, this work determines the presence of chitin in a cosmopolitan lichen species Xanthoria parietina. In this study, chitin was derived from a lichen species for the first time and its physicochemical properties were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The dry weight chitin content of X. parietina was 4.23%, and this chitin was in the -form. The crystalline index value of the lichen chitin was calculated as 70.1%. The chitin from X. parietina had a smooth surface.Öğe Characteristics of corneal lens chitin in dragonfly compound eyes(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Kaya, Murat; Sargin, Idris; Al-jaf, Ivan; Erdogan, Sevil; Arslan, GulsinChitin in the compound eyes of arthropods serves as a part of the visual system. The quality of chitin in such highly specialised body parts deserves more detailed examination. Chitin in the corneal (ommatidial) lenses of dragonfly (Sympetrum fonscolombii) compound eyes was isolated by using the classical chemical method. The chitin content of the corneal lenses was determined to be quite high (20.3 +/- 0.85%). The FT-IR analysis showed that corneal lens chitin was in the alpha-form as found in all arthropod species where mechanical strength is required. The surface morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the outer part of corneal lenses consisted of long chitin fibrils with regular arrays of papillary structures while the smoother inner part had concentric lamellated chitin formation with shorter chitin nanofibrils. Chitinase enzymatic digestion studies, elemental analysis results and the degree of acetylation value showed the purity of chitin samples from corneal lens. The maximum degradation temperature value of the corneal lens chitin was observed at 369.2 degrees C. X-ray analysis revealed that corneal lens chitin has high crystallinity index; 96.4%. Identification of chitin found in ommaditia of insect compound eyes can provide insights into insect vision and chitin-based optical material design studies. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe A Checklist of Turkish Rotifers(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2012) Ustaoglu, Mustafa Rusen; Altindag, Ahmet; Kaya, Murat; Akbulut, Nuray; Bozkurt, Ahmet; Mis, Didem Ozdemir; Atasagun, SibelIn a book chapter containing the first checklist and distribution of Turkish rotifers, published in 1999, were listed 167 taxa. The second checklist, published in 2004, reported 229 rotifer taxa in Turkey. During the 7 years since this checklist process, many studies have been carried out and we have prepared a new checklist of Turkish rotifers in the present study. In all, 341 rotifer taxa have been recorded to date.Öğe Chitin extraction and characterization from Daphnia magna resting eggs(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Kaya, Murat; Sargin, Idris; Tozak, Kabil Ozcan; Baran, Talat; Erdogan, Sevil; Sezen, GoksalNew application areas for chitin and its derivatives have been extensively investigated and there is a solid, growing demand for new chitin sources. In this present study, chitin content of Daphnia magna resting egg (18-21%) was determined for the first time. FTIR, elemental analysis, TGA, XRD and SEM studies revealed the structural and thermal properties of extracted alpha-chitin. This study suggests that D. magna resting eggs can be exploited as an attractive alternative chitin source. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparison of antimicrobial activities of newly obtained low molecular weight scorpion chitosan and medium molecular weight commercial chitosan(Soc Bioscience Bioengineering Japan, 2016) Kaya, Murat; Asan-Ozusaglam, Meltem; Erdogan, SevilIn this study the antimicrobial activity of low molecular weight (3.22 IrDa) chitosan, obtained for the first time from a species belonging to the Scorpiones, was screened against nine pathogenic microorganisms (seven bacteria and two yeasts) and compared with that of medium molecular weight commercial chitosan (MMWCC). It was observed that the antimicrobial activity of the low molecular weight scorpion chitosan (LMWSC) was specific to bacterial species in general rather than gram-negative or gram-positive bacterial groups. It was also determined that LMWSC had a stronger inhibitory effect than the MMWCC, particularly on the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes and the yeast Candida albicans, which are important pathogens for public health. In addition, it was recorded that the MMWCC had a greater inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis than LMWSC. According to the results obtained by the disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of both LMWSC and MMWCC against B. subtilis and Salmonella enteritidis was higher than the widely used antibiotic Gentamicin (CN, 10 mu g/disc). (C) 2015 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.Öğe Comparison of chitin structures isolated from seven Orthoptera species(Elsevier, 2015) Kaya, Murat; Erdogan, Sevil; Mol, Abbas; Baran, TalatDifferences in the physichochemical properties of the chitin structure of the exoskeleton of seven species from four genera were investigated in this study. The same method was used to isolate the chitin structure of the seven species. The physicochemical properties of the isolated chitins were revealed by ESEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD analyses. The FTIR, TGA and XRD results from the chitin samples were similar. The surface morphologies of the chitins were investigated by ESEM and interesting results were noted. While the surface morphologies of the chitins isolated from two species within the same genus were quite different, the surface morphologies of chitins isolated from species belonging to different genera showed similarity. It was determined that the dry weight chitin contents of the grasshopper species varied between 5.3% and 8.9%. The results of molecular analysis showed that the chitins from seven Orthoptera species (between 5.2 and 6.8 kDa) have low molecular weights. Considering that these invasive and harmful species are killed with insecticides and go to waste in large amounts, this study suggests that they should be collected and evaluated as an alternative chitin source. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe EFFECTIVENESS OF FRACTURE-END REGENERATION OR EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY IN DELAY OF TIBIAL UNION: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY(2023) Kaya, Murat; Çiftdemir, Mert; Copuroglu, Cem; Özcan, MertOBJECTIVE: The purpose of this present study was to compare the results of fracture regeneration or Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) added to the fracture dynamization procedure in the rat tibia delayed union model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 30 female Sprague-Dawley Rats were divided into three groups. Right tibia transverse diaphyseal fractures were made in all rats. After the intramedullary fixation for delayed fracture union model, the fracture line was distracted with a propylene spacer, which was removed in all groups at the end of the 6th week, and the fracture line was dynamized. Only dynamization was applied to the Control Group (Group 1). The fracture ends were regenerated during dynamization in the fracture-end regeneration group (Group 2). In the ESWT group (Group 3), 15 kV 500 shock waves were applied at the 24th hour of dynamization. After the sacrification at the end of the 12th week, all right tibiae were taken for radiological and histopathological examinations. RESULTS: Radiological and histopathological union scores were found to be significantly higher in Group 2 and Group 3 than in the Control Group (P=0.001). No significant differences were detected between Group 2 and Group 3 in terms of radiological union scores (P=0.254). Histopathological scoring was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 2 (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of fracture-end regeneration or ESWT to dynamization in the rat tibia delayed union model allowed us to obtain better radiological and histopathological results when compared to the dynamization group alone. A clinical comparative study will contribute to the literature.Öğe GENDER INFLUENCES DIFFERENTIATION OF CHITIN AMONG BODY PARTS(Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Kaya, Murat; Bulut, Esra; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Sivickis, Karolis; Sargin, Idris; Akyuz, Bahar; Erdogan, SevilEarlier reports have established that chitin isolates from each body part of an insect cuticle can exhibit diverse physicochemical properties. But it is still unknown if the gender of the insect can influence characteristics of chitin isolates from different body parts. The present study addresses this question. As a result, important physicochemical differences in the chitin samples from different body parts of Melolontha sp. were recorded on the basis of sex. The chitin samples were extracted from eight different body parts (antennae, head, eyes, thorax, abdomen, elytra, hindwings, and legs) of female and male. The most remarkable variations in the chitin isolates from female and male body parts were recorded in chitin content, crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface morphology. And also it was wondered these chitin isolates from different body parts of female and male could find different applications. To check this hypothesis, the chitin samples from female and male were interacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and important variations were observed. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Öğe High similarity in physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from nymphs and adults of a grasshopper(Elsevier Science Bv, 2016) Erdogan, Sevil; Kaya, MuratThis is the first study to explain the differences in the physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan obtained from the nymphs and adults of Dociostaurus maroccanus using the same method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and x-ray diffraction analysis results demonstrated that the chitins from both the adults and nymphs were in the alpha-form. The chitin contents of the adults (14%) and nymphs (12%) were of the same order of magnitude. The crystalline index values of chitins from the adult and nymph grasshoppers were 71% and 74%, respectively. Thermal stabilities of the chitins and chitosans from adult and nymph grasshoppers were close to each other. Both the adult (7.2 kDa) and nymph (5.6 kDa) chitosans had low molar masses. Environmental scanning electron microscopy revealed that the surface morphologies of both chitins consisted of nanofibers and nanopores together, and they were very similar to each other. Consequently, it was determined that the physicochemical properties of the chitins and chitosans from adults and nymphs of D. maroccanus were not very different, so it can be hypothesized that the development of the chitin structure in the nymph has almost been completed and the nymph chitin has the same characteristics as the adult. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Morphological examination of the resting egg structure of 3 cladoceran species [Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O. F. Müller, 1785), Daphnia longispina (O. F. Müller, 1776), and D. magna Straus, 1820](2014) Kaya, Murat; Erdoğan, SevilMorphological characteristics of the resting egg, which is important to ensure the continuity of generations, were examined to understand if there were morphologically significant differences among 3 cladoceran species. Resting eggs floating on the water surface were collected by a plankton net with a mesh size of 100 μm from Mamasın Dam Lake in November 2012 and were left to dry at room temperature in the laboratory. In this study, the size, shape, and color of the ephippium and the size of the egg/eggs enclosed in the ephippium were comparatively analyzed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. It was observed that each resting egg type had its own characteristic shape and color. Results of the statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the sizes of the ephippium and egg/eggs enclosed in the ephippium of the resting egg of each species. We concluded that the morphological features of the resting eggs of 3 species are different from each other and that these characters can be used for species identification. In addition, we described morphological features of the resting eggs of the 3 cladoceran species in detail, gave extra information about color and size differences, and contributed to improving the literature knowledge of these species with this study.Öğe Morphological examination of the resting egg structure of 3 cladoceran species [Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (OF Muller, 1785), Daphnia longispina (OF Muller, 1776), and D. magna Straus, 1820](Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2014) Kaya, Murat; Erdogan, SevilMorphological characteristics of the resting egg, which is important to ensure the continuity of generations, were examined to understand if there were morphologically significant differences among 3 cladoceran species. Resting eggs floating on the water surface were collected by a plankton net with a mesh size of 100 mu m from Mamasin Dam Lake in November 2012 and were left to dry at room temperature in the laboratory. In this study, the size, shape, and color of the ephippium and the size of the egg/eggs enclosed in the ephippium were comparatively analyzed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. It was observed that each resting egg type had its own characteristic shape and color. Results of the statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the sizes of the ephippium and egg/eggs enclosed in the ephippium of the resting egg of each species. We concluded that the morphological features of the resting eggs of 3 species are different from each other and that these characters can be used for species identification. In addition, we described morphological features of the resting eggs of the 3 cladoceran species in detail, gave extra information about color and size differences, and contributed to improving the literature knowledge of these species with this study.Öğe A physicochemical characterization of fully acetylated chitin structure isolated from two spider species: With new surface morphology(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Kaya, Murat; Seyyar, Osman; Baran, Talat; Erdogan, Sevil; Kar, MusaSpiders are a huge group which includes more than 44,000 species. But there has been no study of the chitin structure of spiders. In this study we physicochemically characterized chitin structure of two common spider species (Geolycosa vultuosa and Hogna radiata). Chitin content was determined as 8-8.5% for G. vultuosa and 6.5-7% for H. radiata. FTIR, TGA and XRD results showed that the chitin structures are in a-form. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) revealed that the surface morphology of each species is different. Chitin yielded from G. vultuosa has two different pore structures. The type one pore is rarely sequenced and its size ranges between 190 and 240 nm, while the type two pore is tightly sequenced and its size ranges between 11 and 32 nm. There is no information in previous studies about the chitin structure with two different pore morphologies. A new chitin surface morphology has been determined in G. vultuosa. The chitin isolated from H. radiata, has classic morphology: nanofibre structures (10-17 nm) and 195-260 nm sized pores. Acetylation degree of the chitin samples was calculated as 97% for G. vultuosa and 99% for H. radiata in accordance with elemental analysis results. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Physicochemical comparison of chitin and chitosan obtained from larvae and adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Kaya, Murat; Baran, Talat; Erdogan, Sevil; Mentes, Ayfer; Ozusaglam, Meltem Asan; Cakmak, Yavuz SelimChitins and chitosans obtained from larva and adult Coloradopotato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) were physico-chemically characterized and differences between adults and larvae were identified. The dry weight chitin contents of the adult Colorado potato beetles and larvae were determined as 20% and 7%, respectively. The chitin produced chitosan yields of 72% from the adult Colorado potato beetles and 67% from the larvae. FTIR analysis showed that the isolated chitins were in the alpha form. Crystalline index values, determined by XRD, were 72% for larvae and 76% for adults. The degradation temperatures of the isolated chitin structures were measured by TGA, and this showed that the chitin from adult Colorado potato beetles had a more stable structure than that from the larvae. The surface morphologies of the isolated chitin and chitosan structures were analysed with SEM and it was revealed that these structures consisted of nanofibres. According to elemental analysis, the purity of chitin and chitosan from adults was greater than that from the larvae. The results of molecular analysis showed that the chitosans from adults (2.722 kDa) and larvae (2.676 kDa) of the Colorado potato beetle have low molecular weights. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of both adult and larval chitosans were determined. The adult potato beetle is more appropriate than the larvae as an alternative chitin source because of the fact that its dry weight chitin content, chitosan yield and purity of chitin are higher than those from the larvae, and its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities are also higher than those from the larvae. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Porous and nanofiber ?-chitosan obtained from blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) tested for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities(Elsevier, 2016) Kaya, Murat; Dudakli, Fatma; Asan-Ozusaglam, Meltem; Cakmak, Yavuz Selim; Baran, Talat; Mentes, Ayfer; Erdogan, SevilChitin was isolated using the classical chemical method from the shell of Callinectes sapidus. The chitin content in the dry weight of the crab shells was determined as 12.1%. Total chitosan yield was recorded as 76%. The deacetylation degree of the chitosan was found to be 82.5%. The obtained chitin was in the alpha-form which was confirmed from the results of FTIR, TGA and XRD analyses. Resulting chitin showed DTG max value as 390 degrees C while in same regard chitosan show this value as 306 degrees C. Detailed information about the composition of pores and nanofibers was obtained using SEM. Disc diffusion method used for testing the antimicrobial activity, inhibition zone diameters of the chitosan from C. sapidus varied between 15.28 and 20.21 mm for human bacterial pathogens, between 15.51 and 16.25 mm for fungal pathogens and between 14.22 and 15.75 mm for fish bacterial pathogens, respectively. MBC and MFC values of the chitosan from C sapidus were between 0.16 and 2.50 mg/mL. The results of DPPH and ferric ion reducing power activity used for determining the antioxidant activity of the chitosan, were found as IC50: 5.99 and EC50: 6.16, respectively. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe SPINE FRACTURES CONCOMITTANT WITH PELVIC REGION FRACTURES(2015) Kaya, Murat; Çiftdemir, Mert; Özcan, Mert; Çopuroğlu, Cem; Çopuroğlu, ElifAmaç: Pelvis bölgesinde kırık tanısı ile takip edilen hastalarda eşlik eden omurga yaralanmalarının sıklığını ve tedavi şeklini analiz etmek.Hastalar ve Yöntem: Mart 2009 ile Aralık 2014 tarihleri arasında kliniğimizde tedavi edilen 182 pelvis ve asetabulum kırıklı hastaların dosyaları geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Aynı zamanda omurga kırığı mevcut olan 26 hastanın omurga yaralanmaları ve uygulanan tedavi yöntemleri incelendi. Yüksek enerjili yaralanmalar sonucunda oluşan her iki bölge kırıklarında tedavi zamanlaması ve tedavi yöntemleri analiz edildi.Bulgular: Kliniğimizde pelvis bölgesi yaralanması nedeni ile tedavi edilen 182 hastadan 26 tanesinde omurga yaralanması olduğu tespit edildi. Omurga yaralanmalı 6 hastada 8 patlama kırığı, 6 hastada 8 kompresyon kırığı, 2 hastada 2 spinöz çıkıntı kırığı ve 12 hastada 25 transvers çıkıntı kırığı tespit edildi. Opere edilen 8 hasta patlama kırığı nedeni ile 1 hasta ise torakolomber bölgede kompresyon kırığı nedeni ile opere edildi. Diğer omurga yaralanması tanıları olan hastalar konservatif yöntemlerle tedavi edildiler.Sonuç: Pelvis yaralanmaları ile omurga yaralanmaları birlikteliği sıktır. Tedavi kararını belirlemede yaşamsal fonksiyonları stabilize etmek önceliklidirÖğe Testing the habitat selectivity of bdelloid rotifers in a restricted area(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2015) Kaya, Murat; Erdogan, SevilThe biodiversity of microorganisms is still not understood exactly because they are very small and diverse and it requires an intensive effort to examine them. In this study, we tested whether there were differences in species richness and species composition among six sampled habitats to understand the biodiversity pattern of bdelloid rotifers. To test habitat preferences of bdelloid rotifers, 90 samples were collected from six different habitats (soil, tree bark, one species of lichen (Lecanora muralis), and three species of moss (Grimmia pulvinata, Homalothecium lutescens, and Tortula ruralis)) in the village of Tasci in December 2008. We performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test to understand whether species richness was significantly different among the six habitats. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to test whether differences in species composition between habitats were higher than those between samples within each habitat. The results showed that species richness in each sample was significantly different among habitats (ANOVA: F-5,F-84 = 19.3, P < 0.0001) according to the Tukey HSD test. Differences in species composition between samples between habitats were significantly higher than differences in species composition between samples within each habitat (ANOSIM: R = 0.40, P = 0.001).Öğe Tibia kaynama yokluğunda ekstrakorporeal şok dalga tedavisinin (ESWT) kırık iyileşmesine etkisi(Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2014) Kaya, Murat; Çiftdemir, MertKaynama yokluğu tedavi yöntemlerinden olan kırık uçlarının cerrahi olarak tazelendirilmesi ile ekstrakorporeal şok dalga tedavisi (ESWT) yöntemlerinin kaynama yokluğu üzerine üzerine etkilerini karşılaştırmayı hedeflediğimiz çalışmamız Trakya Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu onayı (Ek I) alınarak Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Deney Hayvanları ve Araştırma laboratuvarından elde edilen 30 adet Sprague-Dawley cinsi rat üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Ratlar, Grup I: Tibia kaynama yokluğu kontrol grubu (cerrahi kanlandırma-kırık uçları tazelendirme veya ESWT uygulanmayan grup), Grup II: Cerrahi kanlandırma ve kırık uçları tazelendirme işlemi ile tedavi edilen tibiada kaynama yokluğu grubu, Grup III: Ekstrakorporeal şok dalga tedavisi (ESWT) ile tedavi edilen tibiada kaynama yokluğu grubu olacak şekilde üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup I'deki ratlar, kaynama yokluğu modeli açısından Grup II ve Grup III'teki ratlar için kontrol grubu olarak takip edildi. Grup II'deki ratlar kaynama yokluğu modeline uygulanan açık kaynama yokluğu cerrahisi modeli, Grup III'teki ratlar ise kaynama yokluğu modeline uygulanan ekstrakorporeal şok dalga tedavisi (ESWT) modeli olarak ele alındı. Tibiada kaynama yokluğu modeli için tüm ratlarda tibia orta hattında şaftta transvers kırık oluşturuldu. Distraksiyonu sağlamak amacıyla 2/0 propylene sütür K teli etrafında 3 tur sarılarak kırık uçlarının birbirine temas etmesi engellenecek şekilde bağlandı. Tüm ratlarda (30 adet) kırık iyileşmesi için yeterli süre olan 6 hafta beklenildikten sonra kaynama yokluğu modelinin oluştuğu varsayıldı. Grup I ve Grup III ratlarda rotasyonel manevra ile distraksiyon komprese edilerek kırık uçların teması sağlandı. Grup II'deki ratlar için ise kırık uçları cerrahi olarak açılarak tazelendirilip ve kanlandırıldıktan sonra kırık uçları birbirine değecek şekilde komprese edildi. Grup II'deki ratlar kaynama yokluğu modeline uygulanan açık kaynama yokluğu cerrahisi modeli olarak takibe alındı. Grup III'teki ratlara ise kırık uçlarının komprese edilmesinin ardından postoperatif 24. saatte tibia kaynama yokluğu alanına 15 kV'luk 500 şok dalga olacak şekilde ESWT uygulandı. Ikinci cerrahilerinin 6. Haftasında her 3 gruptaki tüm ratlar sakrifiye edildi. Ratların sağ tibiaları ayakbileği ve diz eklemlerinden dezartiküle edilerek rat tibia spesimenleri radyolojik ve histopatolojik incelemeye alındı. Radyolojik olarak incelendiğinde; Grup II ve Grup III'teki kaynama derecesinin Grup I'e göre yüksek olduğu bulunurken, Grup II ile Grup III arasında anlamlı bir farkın olmadığı bulunurken, histolojik olarak incelendiğinde ise Grup III'teki histolojik skorun Grup I ve Grup II'ye göre, Grup II'deki skorun da Grup I'e göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu bulundu. Sonuç olarak kaynama yokluğu görülen uzun kemik kırıklarında ESWT kullanımı, bildirilen başarılı sonuçlar bulunması ve komplikasyonların göz ardı edilebilecek kadar az olması nedeniyle cerrahi tedaviye başvurmadan önce denenebilecek önemli bir tedavi alternatifidir.
