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Öğe CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS IN SOME SPECIES OF THE TRIBE CARDUEAE (ASTERACEAE)(Soc Botanica Mexico, 2016) Kartal, CilerCalcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in the tissues and organs of 18 species that belong to tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae), Arctium minus, Carduus candicans, C. nutans, C. pycnocephalus, Cirsium arvense, C. creticum, C. vulgare, Jurinea consanguinea, Silybum marianum, Tyrimnus leucographus, and Xeranthemum annuum within the subtribe Carduinae and Carthamus dentatus, C. lanatus, Centaurea cyanus, C. diffusa, C. iberica, C. salonitana, and C. solstitialis within the subtribe Centaureinae, were investigated, and their morphologies and distribution were determined using light microscopy. Two morphological types of crystals, styloids and prismatics, were the most commonly found crystals in the species examined. Raphides were only observed in the stem cortex and pith parenchyma cells of S. marianum, while druses were only viewed in the stem pith cells of C. pycnocephalus. Styloids were observed (if present) in the leaf, corolla, anther, filament, and style tissues. Prismatic crystals were common in almost all ovaries of the species investigated except Xeranthemum annuum which was found to include styloids in its ovary cells. Prismatics, styloids, raphides, and druses were present in the stems of the species. It is considered that crystal formation within the cell is under genetic control. Thus the type, and presence or absence of crystals may be represented as a taxonomic character. In conclusion, it is suggested that the type and location of CaOx crystals in the Cardueae constitute a diagnostic character and they may have taxonomic significance in this tribe.Öğe COMPARATIVE ANATOMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SIX ENDEMIC TANACETUM (ASTERACEAE) TAXA FROM TURKEY(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2016) Tekin, Mehmet; Kartal, CilerTanacetum is one of the large genera, belonging to the Anthemideae tribe of Asteraceae family and has numerous medicinal plants and widely usage in folk medicine. In this study, anatomical features of six endemic species to Turkey viz. Tanacetum albipannosum, T argenteum subsp. argenteum, T cappadocicum, T densum subsp. sivasicum, T haussknechtii and T heterotomum, were investigated for the first time. The specimens were collected from their natural habitats in Sivas province (Turkey). Transverse sections of root, stem, petiole and leaflet were observed under light microscope for various anatomical features. The results showed that, root included periderm in the outer. There were parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and pericycle under the periderm respectively. Primary xylem ridges were triarch in T albipannosum, T densum subsp. sivasicum, T haussknechtii and T heterotomum, pentarch in T cappadocicum and hexarch in T. argenteum subsp. argenteum, and pith was filled with xylem elements. Stem was made up epidermis, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis, vascular bundles and parenchymatous pith from exterior to interior. T heterotomum had a cavity formed by the disintegration of the cells in the center. The amphistomatic leaflets had a single layered epidermis with usually silvery or whitish tomentose indumentum and equifacial mesophyll. Stomata are anomocytic. There were significant difference among examined taxa in respect to contour of petiole, structure of cortex parenchyma and organization of vascular bundles. The anatomical characteristic features of petiole proved to be a useful tool for the taxonomic discrimination of the six studied taxa.Öğe Development of Female Gametophyte in Gladiolus italicus Miller (Iridaceae)(Firenze Univ Press, 2021) Kartal, Ciler; Ekici, Nuran; Kargacioglu, Almina; Agirman, Hazal NurcanIn this study gynoecium, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and female gametophyte of Gladiolus italicus Miller were examined cytologically and histologically by using light microscopy techniques. Ovules of G. italicus are of anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate type. Embryo sac development is of monosporic Polygonum type. Polar nuclei fuse before fertilization to form a secondary nucleus near the antipodals. The female gametophyte development of G. italicus was investigated for the first time with this study.Öğe EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SILENE MURADICA SCHISCHK. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE) - A GYNODIOECIOUS SPECIES FROM TURKEY(Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Pas Branch Cracow, 2021) Kartal, Ciler; Tekin, MehmetIn this study, female gametophytes of Silene muradica, which is a gynodioecious species, were examined histologically. Buds and blossoms of S. muradica were used as the research material. They were collected in the Sivas province (Turkey) in July 2019, and fixed with ethanol:acetic acid solution (3:1, v/v). Flower parts were dissected under a stereo microscope. They were dehydrated in rising alcohol series and then embedded in Historesin. The sections were taken by a rotary microtome and stained with 0.5% Toluidine blue O. The ovary of S. muradica has three carpels and a single chamber, the ovules are arranged on a central column. The mature ovule is of the campylotropous type, crassinucellate and bitegmig. The megaspore mother cell undergoes regular meiotic division and forms a linear megaspore tetrad after meiosis. The development of the embryo sac is monosporic. The chalazal megaspore is functional and the others degenerate. The mature embryo sac is eight-nucleated and of the Polygonum type. The synergid cells and the egg cell are completely surrounded by the cell wall. Antipodal cells are temporary cells, which degenerate immediately after fertilization. Before fertilization, polar nuclei are fused in the central cell and form the secondary nucleus. The endosperm development is of the nuclear type. Nucellar tissue is permanent and forms perisperm in mature seeds. The embryo development is of the Caryophyllad type. In this study, the development of the female gametophyte of S. muradica, which was determined to be a gynodioecious species, was reported for the first time.Öğe Female Gametophyte Development of Fritillaria stribrnyi Velen. (Liliaceae), the Threatened Species in Southeast Europe(Univ Tokyo Cytologia, 2022) Kartal, CilerFritillaria stribrnyi Velen. (Liliaceae) grows naturally only in northwest Turkey (Turkish Thrace) and southern Bulgaria, and is threatened with extinction in the wild due to human pressure. In this paper, the megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and embryo sac development of F. stribrnyi were investigated using light microscopy. Buds and blooming flowers were collected from the plant's natural habitats in the Ipsala district (Edirne, Turkey) from February to April of 2015 and fixed in ethanol: glacial acetic acid solution. Conventional paraffin embedding techniques were followed. Serial sections of the ovaries cut at 10-12 mu m thickness were stained with alcian blue and nuclear fast red double staining. The ovary of F. stribrnyi is trilocular. The mature ovule is anatropous, tenuinucellate, and bitegmic. The archesporial cell differentiates directly into the megaspore mother cell. The megaspore mother cell undergoes regular meiotic division and a typical diagonal megaspore tetrad eventually form. The embryo sac of the species is eight-nucleated, a tetrasporic type, and followed the Fritillaria-type development. The egg cell and synergid cells are covered by a complete cellulosic wall in the mature embryo sac. Two of the antipodal cells degenerate before fertilization and the third cell shows a flattened structure. A haploid polar nucleus at the micropyle side comes with the second male nucleus toward the triploid one at the chalazal side after fertilization and triple fusion occurs.Öğe Male gametophyte development of Silene sangaria Coode & Cullen (Caryophyllaceae) an endemic species from Turkey(Univ Tokyo Cytologia, 2023) Kartal, Ciler; Agirman, Hazal NurcanIn this study, microspore formation (microsporogenesis), gamete formation (microgametogenesis), and pollen features of Silene sangaria, a species endemic to Turkey, was examined cytoembryologically and histochemically. The species is distributed along the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The materials were collected from the coast of Igneada village (Kirklareli province). The anthers, separated by size, were passed through ethyl alcohol concentration series, and embedded in historesin. Sections were sliced using a rotary microtome and stained with toluidine blue O for general histological observations, Coomassie brilliant blue for proteins, and periodic acid-Schiff for insoluble polysaccharides. The aceto-orcein squash technique was used for cytological observations, and lactophenol-aniline blue solution was used to assess pollen viability. The anthers of S. sangaria are tetrasporangiate, and its anther wall development is of basic type. The tapetum is secretory type, and cytokinesis is simultaneous type. As a result of meiotic division of microspore mother cells, 43.5% decussate, 28.2% rhomboidal, 21.1% tetrahedral and 7.2% isobilateral tetrads occur. The released microspores first pass through the first pollen mitosis to form vegetative and generative cells, then the generative cell passes through the second pollen mitosis to form two sperm cells. Pollen grains are three-celled when released from the anther. Pollen viability rate is high (91.82%). Mature pollen grain contains a high concentration of insoluble polysaccharide and protein.Öğe Medicinal Plants Used in Meric Town from Turkey(Assoc Pharmaceutical Teachers India, 2017) Kartal, Ciler; Gunes, FatmaBackground: There are a few studies on medical plants used in the Trakya region of Turkey ( Havsa, Lalapasa, Uzunkopru, Ipsala, Enez, Kirklareli). However, there has been no research study performed investigating the preparation and medicinal uses of wild plants in Meric town. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the parts of locally growing medicinal plants used by local people in Meric town and the purpose of their use. Methods: In this study, 16 villages in Meric town (Edirne province, Turkey) were visited, and interviews were performed with 38 persons in total. Results: As result of the study, 24 plant taxa in 19 families were recorded as medicinal plants used by local people. Conclusion: These traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment of diabetes, stomach ailments, hemorrhoids, rheumatism and asthma.Öğe Microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis and in vitro pollen germination in the endangered species Fritillaria stribrnyi (Liliaceae)(Univ Florence Botany Inst, 2015) Kartal, CilerFritillaria stribrnyi Velen. (Liliaceae) is an endangered plant that naturally grows only in southern Bulgaria and Turkey in Europe. In this study, microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, in vitro pollen germination and spermatogenesis were investigated in F. stribrnyi using a light microscope. Young flower buds and mature pollen grains, collected from natural habitats (in Edirne, Turkey), were used as materials. Microsporogenesis was investigated by the usual acetic-orcein squash method. Microgametogenesis slides were prepared with the paraffin method. Pollen fertility was estimated by lactophenol-aniline blue staining. For pollen germination, pollen grains were collected by immediately dehiscing anthers and then incubating in basic germination medium at 25 degrees C for 24 h. Generally, the phases of meiosis were regular, although there were a few abnormalities such as laggard chromosomes in meiosis I and asynchronization in phases of meiosis II. The meiotic division resulted in the formation of isobilateral types of tetrads. The first mitotic division in pollen was observed clearly, and generative and vegetative cells were formed regularly. The germination percentage of pollen grains was found to be 84%, and the lengths of tubes were measured as 1896.22 +/- 760.50 mu m. F. stribrnyi has an elegant flower, and, therefore, its cultivation is possible in the garden as an ornamental plant. This is the first embryological study of F. stribrnyi, and the results of this study of the reproduction biology of this endangered plant will be useful for in vitro, in situ and ex situ conservation and genetic studies.
