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    Ecotoxicological risk assessment for sediments of cavuslu stream in Giresun, Turkey: association between garbage disposal facility and metallic accumulation
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Yuksel, Bayram; Ustaoglu, Fikret; Tokatli, Cem; Islam, Md Saiful
    The objective of this paper was to stress the possible potential toxic element (PTE) accumulation in the surface sediments of the cavuslu Stream (cS), as well as examining the source identification of whether or not any association between garbage disposal facility (GDF) and ecotoxicity or human health risk in Giresun, Turkey. The sediment specimens were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) followed by microwave digestion. The descending order of metals (mg/kg) in sediments were as follows: Fe (38,791 +/- 3269) > Al (27,753 +/- 4051) > Mn (730.90 +/- 114.60) > Cr (233.39 +/- 53.32) > V (176.40 +/- 19.66) > Cu (85.22 +/- 6.06) > Ni (72.87 +/- 11.50) > Zn (46.45 +/- 3.68) > Co (21.96 +/- 3.33) > Pb (12.17 +/- 1.97) > As (3.12 +/- 1.45) > Sb (0.22 +/- 0.06) > Cd (0.17 +/- 0.02) > Hg (0.04 +/- 0.01). Among these elements, certain metals (V, Cr, Cu, and Ni) in the sediments were above the average shale. Cr and Ni levels were above their corresponding threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) values while Cu concentration exceeding its TEL, indicating that benthic organisms in the sediment of cS have likely toxic responses. Based on the results from contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and geo-accumulation factor (I-geo) values of PTEs, the sediment was frequently classified into moderate contamination, moderate enrichment, and unpolluted to moderately polluted group. Pollution load index (PLI), integrated pollution index (IPI), and ecological risk index (E-r(i)) indicated low pollution or low potential ecological risk. Toxicity risk index (TRI) and toxic unit analysis (TUs) suggested moderate toxicity. The outcomes of hazard quotient (HQ), total hazard index (THI), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) stressed out that PTEs would not pose a significant health risk when adults are exposed to sediments in cS. However, a non-cancerogenic health risk for children was considered as the collective effect of 14 PTE (THI = 1.47 > 1). Multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)) outlined that the metallic accumulation in the sediments of cS was related to lithological, geological, and anthropogenic impacts. Therefore, the GDF is likely a major reason in terms of anthropogenic pollution in the sediments of the cS.
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    Hydro-chemical assessment of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater from east and west coasts of Bangladesh and India
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Jannat, Jannatun Nahar; Khan, Md Sanjid Islam; Islam, H. M. Touhidul; Islam, Md Saiful; Khan, Rahat; Siddique, Md Abu Bakar; Varol, Memet
    Groundwater from the coastal alluvial plain is the primary water source in coastal areas. Its contaminants, such as nitrate and fluoride, are significant concerns for freshwater supply and human health issues. Although spatiotemporal variability of nitrate and fluoride levels has been analyzed individually in the Indo-Bangladesh coastal region, their drivers and hydro-chemical analysis have scarcely been studied. Thus, to assess the groundwater quality, hydro-chemistry, and drivers in coastal alluvial aquifers, 123 groundwater samples were collected from the east (Bangladesh) and west coasts (India) for assessment of nitrate and fluoride levels and major physiochemical parameters. Multivariate statistical and hydro-chemical analysis and public health risk appraisal were carried out for this purpose. The results showed that 25% (East coast) and 22.39% (West coast) of groundwater samples surpassed the allowable limit of fluoride with a maximum concentration of up to 16.11 mg/L and the tolerable nitrate limit slightly exceeded 10 mg/L. Furthermore, we note that industrial waste, synthetic pesticides, and agricultural fertilizer triggered the leaching of nitrate into groundwater, while the release of fluoride into groundwater was possibly due to evaporite dissolution, carbonate mineral weathering, and ion exchange processes on both coasts. About 28.36% (26.79%) of groundwater samples possessed poor quality on the east (west) coasts. Considering the uncertainties of the variables, the mean hazard quotient ingestion values of fluoride faced by children (adults) were 10.5 (1.39) and 5.56 (6.9 x 10-1), respectively, on the east (west) coasts, demonstrating a high non-carcinogenic risk to people, particularly, children, who cannot be neglected. Children had two times higher health risks than the adult inhabitants in both regions studied. Probabilistic models can reveal health risks more extensively than deterministic models. This study came up with strategies for improving sustainable groundwater quality and managing health risks in coastal regions.