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Öğe The anatomical, morphological features, and biological activity of Scilla siberica subsp. armena (Grossh.) Mordak (Asparagaceae)(Springer Wien, 2023) Aydin, Bilge; Yuca, Hafize; Karakaya, Songul; Bona, Gulnur Eksi; Goger, Gamze; Tekman, Enes; Sahin, Aydan AcarScilla siberica subsp. armena is known as Siberian Squill which is naturally distributed in Lebanon-Syria, Transcaucasus, and Turkey. It is a perennial bulbous plant with a short vegetation period from March to May. In this study, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of corm, leaf, and flower methanolic extracts were examined. The anatomy and morphology of the plant organs were investigated by light and electron microscopes. The anatomy of S. siberica subsp. armena was investigated for the first time by electron microscopy in this study. The corm, leaf, and flower methanolic extracts were assessed against E. coli ATCC 8739, S. aureus ATCC 6538, B. subtilis ATCC 19,659, C. albicans ATCC 10,231, C. krusei ATCC 14,243, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750. Among the extracts, that obtained from the blue pollen showed the best antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis ATCC 750 strain with a MIC value of 312.5 mu g/mL. The highest phenolic content was determined in leaf extract with 53.59211 mu g GAE/mg extract value. The extract showed the best antilipid peroxidation activity with 376.69 mu g/mL value. Using DPPIT and ABTS(+) tests, it was determined that the flower and leaf extracts have the best activity (IC50 = 756.13 mu g/mL and IC50 = 94.07 mu g/mL, respectively). The flower extract exhibited a-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 5239 mu g/mL. Based on the presented results of the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of the S. siberica subsp. armena, we suggest that natural compounds from S. siberica subsp. armena are of potential use for the improvement of an antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent.Öğe Antimicrobial and toxicity profiles evaluation of the Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil combination with standard antimicrobial agents(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2018) Goger, Gamze; Demirci, Betul; Ilgin, Sinem; Demirci, FatihIn this present study, commercial Pharmacopeia (PhEur) grade chamomile essential oil (Mairicariae aetheroleurn) was combined with different antimicrobial agents including ampicillin sodium, cefuroxime acetyl, tetracycline hydrochloride, fluconazole and nystatin. All combinations were evaluated in vitro against pathogenic standard and clinical resistant Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial isolates as well as against Candida albicans for their broad antimicrobial effectiveness. Furthermore, the essential oil was fractioned by column chromatography using n-hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane and methanol, respectively. Additionally, all fractions of essential oil were tested in combinations for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as for their fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) against the resistant microbial pathogens. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution method and antimicrobial interactions were assayed using the checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity of compounds were evaluated using Cytotox-XTT-1 1:rameter Kit in WS1 cells and Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence toxicity assay. The analyses proved that alpha-bisabolol oxide A (47.7%), (E)-beta-famesene (21.5%), alpha-bisabolol oxide B (6.2%), alpha-bisabolone oxide A (5.8%), chamazulene (4.1%) and alpha-bisabolol (2.2%), respectively were the major compounds and in compliance with PhEur. The essential oil combination of fluconazole and nystatin showed "synergic and additive inhibitory effects" against the clinical Candida strain. According to the IC50 values obtained, the inhibitory concentrations of combinations against the clinical Candida strain can be considered to be selective when compared with its effect on WS1 cells. Additionally, the essential oil combination of fluconazole and nystatin showed low toxicity against A. fischeri.Öğe Antimicrobial evaluation of Tripleurospermum callosum (Boiss. & Heldr.) E. Hossain extracts using in vitro and in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model against urinary system pathogens(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Goger, Gamze; Yuksel, Deniz; Goger, Fatih; Kose, Yavuz Bulent; Demirci, FatihTripleurospermum callosum (Boiss. & Heldr.) E. Hossain was recorded in Turkish ethnobotanical data for its use against urinary and respiratory system ailments. Infusion, decoction and 96% ethanol extracts of T. callosum aerial parts were prepared for in vitro antimicrobial activity against urinary system pathogens Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 1348 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The non-toxic concentrations of extracts and in vivo antimicrobial assay were performed using C. elegans. The extracts were analysed by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for phytochemical composition. The water extracts were non-toxic at between 5000 and 312 mu g/mL, while 96% ethanol extract at 312 mu g/mL for C. elegans. The infusion extract showed in vivo anti-infective effect 5000-312 mu g/mL against Gram-negative strains. The results indicate a potential role of plant extracts with relatively non-toxic and anti-infective effects against urinary system pathogens.Öğe Assessment of Cota altissima (L.) J. Gay for phytochemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities(Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2021) Goger, Gamze; Allak, Muhammed; Sen, Ali; Goger, Fatih; Tekin, Mehmet; Ozek, GulmiraPhytochemical profiles of essential oil (EO), fatty acids, and n-hexane (CAH), diethyl ether (CAD), ethyl acetate (CAE) and methanol extracts (CAM) of Cota altissima L. J. Gay (syn. Anthemis altissima L.) were investigated as well as their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activites. The essential oil was characterized by the content of acetophenone (35.8%) and beta-caryophyllene (10.3%) by GC-MS/FID. Linoleic and oleic acid were found as main fatty acids. The major constituents of the extracts were found to be 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, isorhamnetin glucoside, quercetin and quercetin glucoside by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by scavenging of DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Also, the inhibitory effects on lipoxygenase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes were determined. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and yeast pathogens. CAM showed the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals with IC50 values of 126.60 and 144.40 mu g/mL, respectively. In the anti-inflammatory activity, CAE demonstrated the highest antilipoxygenase activity with an IC50 value of 105.40 mu g/mL, whereas, CAD showed the best inhibition of a-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 396.40 mu g/mL in the antidiabetic activity. CAH was effective against Staphylococcus aureus at MIC = 312.5 mu g/mL. This is the first report on antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of C. altissima.Öğe Comparison of essential oils and antimicrobial activities of Ferulago mughlae Pesmen (Apiaceae) growing in Turkey(Marmara Univ, 2019) Karakaya, Songul; Delimustafaoglu Bostanlik, Fatmagul; Goger, Gamze; Demirci, Betul; Kilic, Ceyda SibelFerulago species have been utilized dated from ancient times as antihelmentic, carminative, digestive, sedative, aphrodisiac, along with as salads and spice in view of their exclusive odors. F. mughlae Pe.men was investigated for its chemical compositions of essential oils and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were performed via TLC bioautography methods and essential oils were analysed via GC and GC/MS. alpha-pinene (53.0%), myrcene (3.9%), limonene (6.0%) beta-phellandrene (11.0%) were shown to be as primary components of fruit. Primary components of aerial part were found as alpha-pinene (48.5%), camphene (10.6%), beta-pinene (4.8%) and limonene (3.0%). alpha-pinene (37.3%), camphene (9.1%), limonene (5.3%), terpinolene (3.4%), beta-caryophyllene (3.6%), borneol (9.5%), kessan (8.0%), germacrene B (4.0%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7%) and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (3.7%) were shown to be the primary components of root. Aerial part and fruit essential oils of F. mughlea contain active compounds against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6558 while these essential oils did not show any activites against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008 strains. Root essential oil of F. mughlea did not show any antimicrobial activities against tested all microorganisms. The antimicrobial activities against these microorganisms from this species may be based upon the existence of the primary compounds in the essential oils.Öğe Comparison of Essential Oils of Ferulago pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss., F. trachycarpa Boiss. and F. bracteata Boiss. & Hausskn. Species (Apiaceae) Growing in Turkey and Determination of Their Antimicrobial Activities(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Karakaya, Songul; Simsek, Duygu; Goger, Gamze; Demirci, Betul; Duman, Hayri; Altanlar, Nurten; Kilic, Ceyda SibelFerulago species have been utilized since ancient times as antihelmentic, digestive, sedative and aphrodisiac, along with in salads or as a seasoning in view of their special odours. F. pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss., F. trachycarpa Boiss. and F. bracteata Boiss. & Hausskn. species were investigated for their chemical compositions of essential oils and their antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were performed via microbroth-dilution and TLC bioautography methods. GC and GC/MS were utilized to analyse the essential oils. Primary components of aerial parts, flowers, roots and fruits of F. pachyloba were found as, sabinene (16.0 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (15.1 %); sabinene (25.8 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (27.5 %); (E)-2-decenal (14.3 %); bicyclogermacrene (11.1 %), respectively. Primary components of aerial parts, roots and fruits of F. trachycarpa were found as, (Z)-beta-ocimene (13.8 %), spathulenol (25.0 %); (E)-2-decenal (11.9 %); spathulenol (32.8 %), bicyclogermacrene (23.0 %). Primary components of aerial parts, flowers and roots of F. bracteata were found as, 7-methoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-coumarin (86.7 %); beta-pinene (12.1 %), beta-phellandrene (22.8 %); (E)-2- decenal (13.9 %), hexadecanoic acid (40.4 %). Essential oils were particularly more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC values of between 0.39 and 6.25 g/mL, respectively. They did not give significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by TLC bioautography assay. In contrast, they had active components against S. aureus and showed significant inhibition. The antimicrobial activities against these microorganisms from these species may be attributed to the presence of the main components in the essential oils.Öğe Comparison of the Essential Oils of Ferula orientalis L., Ferulago sandrasica Pesmen and Quezel, and Hippomarathrum microcarpum Petrov and Their Antimicrobial Activity(Turkish Pharmacists Assoc, 2019) Karakaya, Songul; Goger, Gamze; Bostanlik, Fatmagul D.; Demirci, Betul; Duman, Hayri; Kilic, Ceyda SibelObjectives: To determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Ferula orientalis L., roots of Ferulago sandrasica Pesmen and Quezel, and aerial parts of Hippomarathrum microcarpum Petrov. Materials and Methods: Essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was determined by bioautography assay. Results: alpha-Pinene (75.9%) and beta-pinene (3.4%) were the major components of the aerial parts of F. orientalis; with limonene (28.9%), beta-pinene (15.6%), and terpinolene (13.9%) for F. sandrasica; and beta-caryophyllene (31.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (23.1%) for the aerial parts of H. microcarpum. Essential oils from the aerial parts of F. orientalis, the roots of F. sandrasica, and the aerial parts of H. microcarpum were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains. However, essential oils were not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and C. albicans of these species may be attributed to the presence of the main components in the essential oils.Öğe Investigation on effects of walnut essential oil against glutamate toxicity on cortex neuron and LN405 cancer cell lines, diabetes, and some microorganisms(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Yesilyurt, Fatma; Yuca, Hafize; Karakaya, Songul; Tekman, Enes; Demirci, Betul; Taghizadehghalehjoughi, Ali; Goger, GamzeIn this study, leaf essential oil effects on glutamate toxicity model formed in cortex neurons and LN405 cell cultures were investigated. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated by & alpha;-amylase and & alpha;-glucosidase inhibitions. MIC was used for antimicrobial activity. Seven groups were examined with MTT. Glutamate 10-5 mM in cortex showed 62% viability whereas oil viability did not increase in a dose-dependent manner and the highest viability rate was observed. There are four types of glandular trichomes in leaf anatomy of walnut. The oil exhibited half as much & alpha;-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 8105 & mu;g/mL, compared to positive control acarbose (IC50 = 4762 & mu;g/mL). MIC of oil was determined to be 625 & mu;g/mL against E. coli, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis, whereas S. aureus exhibited a MIC of 1250 & mu;g/mL. Major compounds of oil were found as & beta;-pinene (17.6%), & alpha;-pinene (11.3%), & beta;-eudesmol (8.6%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.2%).Öğe Phytochemical characterisation of Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal and screening for anticholinesterase, antiamylase, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Goger, Gamze; Turkyolu, Ummuhan; Gursen, Ezgi Nur; Yur, Suleyman; Karaduman, Abdullah Burak; Goger, Fatih; Tekin, MehmetIn the present work, essential oil and fatty acids and extracts obtained from aerial parts of Phlomis linearis Boiss. & Bal. were investigated for chemical composition and biological activities. The phytochemical analyses were conducted with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionisation detector (GC-MS/FID) and liquid chromatography-mass spectromtetry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The extracts and essential oil were studied for alpha-amylase and acetylcholinesterase activities with two different spectrophotometric methods. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were investigated by microdilution. The extracts were evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic effects against cancer and normal cell lines by MTT assay. The essential oil (EO) contained alpha-pinene (12.5%) and beta-caryophyllene (10.7%) as main compounds. Palmitic (26.5%) and nonadecanoic acids (26.6%) were determined as fatty acids. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts found phenolic acids, phlinosides, verbascoside, and flavonoids. The extracts and essential oil demonstrated poor alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was obtained for diethly ether extract of P. linearis (67.2 +/- 3.4%) at 10 mg /mL concentration. Ethyl acetate extract found to be effective against Staphlococcus aureus at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 156.26 mu g/mL. Diethyl ether extract of P. linearis was active on A549 cell lines with an IC50 = 316 +/- 4.16 mu g/mL when compared with cisplatin IC50 = 24.43 +/- 0.14 mu g/mL. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first comprehensive report on anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-alpha-amylase, and antimicrobial activities, as well as cytotoxic effects of P. linearis.Öğe Phytochemical Characterization of Phenolic Compounds by LC-MS/MS and Biological Activities of Ajuga reptans L., Ajuga salicifolia (L.) Schreber and Ajuga genevensis L. from Turkey(Galenos Publ House, 2021) Goger, Gamze; Kose, Yavuz Bulent; Demirci, Fatih; Goger, FatihObjectives: In this study, it was aimed to characterize the phenolic contents of Ajuga reptans L., Ajuga salicifolia (L.) Schreber and Ajuga genevensis L. and to investigate their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Materials and Methods: Air dried aerial parts of A. reptans L., A. salicifolia (L.) Schreber, and A. genevensis L. collected from Turkey were extracted with methanol (70%), and the phenolic composition of the crude extracts was analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. To determine the total phenolic content the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used. The radical scavenging activities of the extracts were evaluated by the photometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays (TEAC). Furthermore, Ajuga sp. extracts were tested against Escherichia coli NRRL B3008, Staphylococcus areus ATCC 6538, Salmonella thyphimurium ATCC 13311, Bacillus cereus NRRL B-3711, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida tropicalis ATCC 1369, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 using the in vitro broth dilution assay. Results: The LC-MS/MS analyses identified 19 compounds. The amount of total phenolics ranged from 30.0 to 42.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/g in all extracts. According to the results of TEAC assay, the tested extracts were found to have relatively high activity at 1.2-1.5 mM concentrations. Ajuga sp. extracts inhibited all tested microorganisms; however, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis exhibited relatively more susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration: 156.25 mu g/mL) compared to the bacteria tested. Conclusion: The antioxidant activities of all extracts were determined for the first time by the TEAK method, and the in vitro antimicrobial activity of A. salicifolia was investigated for the first time against selected strains.Öğe SCREENING OF Achillea coarctata Poir. AND Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) FOR THEIR VOLATILE AND FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES(Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2023) Goger, Gamze; Cevik, Esma; Varnali, Alisan; Yaylaci, Omer Koray; Uma, Medine Munevver; Ozek, GulmiraThe main aim of this study is antimicrobial screening of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts obtained from aerial parts of Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. and Achillea coarctata Poir. against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 14028 and the yeast Candida albicans ATCC 6633 by the microdilution method. In addition, the effect of the aqueous extract of A. coarctata combined with fluconazole againts C. albicans ATCC 6633, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and C. glabrata ATCC 90030 was tested with the checkerboard method. The chemical components of the volatiles and fatty acid methyl esters were identified using the Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. The main components of the volatile oil were found to be 1,8-cineole (16.1%) and beta-pinene (14.5%) for A. setacea and camphor (35.4%) and borneol (12.9%) for A. coarctata. The ethyl acetate extracts of A. setacea (MIC=156.25 mu g/mL) and A. coarctata (MIC=312.5 mu g/mL) were found more active against the tested Candida Berkh. species. The combination of aqueous extract of A. coarctata with fluconazole showed additive effect for the tested Candida species with FIC values within the range of 0.53-0.625 mu g/mL.Öğe Screening of antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic activities, anatomical and morphological properties of Colchicum speciosum Steven (Colchicaceae)(Springer Wien, 2022) Karakaya, Songul; Goger, Gamze; Bona, Gulnur Eksi; Yuca, Hafize; Aydin, Bilge; Tekman, Enes; Sahin, Aydan AcarColchicum speciosum Steven species is a perennial stemless plant. C. speciosum is a flowering herb native to mountainous regions of northern Turkey, the Caucasus, and northern Iran. It has been known as Vargit, Aci cigdem, Guz cigdemi. The present study reports the antimicrobial, antioxidant, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of corm, leaf and flower methanol extracts, anatomical (light and electron microscopes) properties of root, corm, leaf, flowers and morphological characteristics of C. speciosum. Three different part of extracts C. speciosum were evaluated against E. coli ATCC 8739, S. aureus ATCC 6538, B. subtilis ATCC 19,659, C. albicans ATCC 10,231, C. krusei ATCC 14,243, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750. The most effective extract was found to be MeOH extract for corm and leaf against C. tropicalis ATCC 750 strain with MIC value 160 > mu g/mL. It has been investigated first time anatomy of the tepal, ovary, anther, filament of C. speciosum. Leaf extract was the highest phenolic component (78.61842 mu g GAE/mg extract). As a result of DPPH center dot and ABTS(center dot+) tests, it was determined that the leaf extract showed the best activity (IC50 = 6.568 mu g/mL and IC50 = 3.243 mu g/mL, respectively). Corm extract exhibited alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 21039 mu g/mL. This is the first study of the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic activities, detailed anatomical and morphological properties of C. speciosum.Öğe Synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of pyridyl substituted thiazolyl triazole derivatives(Univ Sao Paulo, Conjunto Quimicas, 2022) Tay, Naime Funda; Duran, Murat; Kayagil, Ismail; Yurttas, Leyla; Goger, Gamze; Goger, Fatih; Demirci, FatihIn this present study, 63 different 5-[4-methyl-2-(pyridin-3/4-yl)thiazole-5-yl]-4-substituted-3-substituted benzylthio-4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against various human pathogenic microorganisms and antioxidant activity. The derivatives were synthesized in a multi-step synthesis procedure including triazole and thiazole ring closure reactions, respectively. The synthesized derivatives (A1-24; B1-39) were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities compared to standard agents. The derivatives possessing 3-pyridyl moiety particularly exhibited relatively high antibacterial activity (MIC= < 3.09-500 mu g/mL) against Gram-positive bacteria, and compounds possessing 4-pyridyl moiety showed remarkable antioxidant activity.Öğe Volatiles and fatty acid analyzes of Tripleurospermum decipiens (Fisch & C. A. Mey) Bornm and investigation of the extracts for antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory activities(Marmara Univ, 2021) Goger, Gamze; Yavas, Irem; Yur, Suleyman; Kose, Yavuz Bulent; Ozek, GulmiraIn this study, the volatiles were obtained from aerial parts of Tripleurospermum decipiens (Fisch & C.A.Mey) Bornm with microsteam distillation - solid phase microextraction (MSD-SMPE) technique. The fatty acids from T. decipiens were obtained by using the microextraction method with subsequent transesterification with boron trifluoride reagent. The chemical compositions of the volatiles and fatty acid methyl esters was analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC / MS) techniques. n-Hexane (TDH) and methanol (TDM) extracts of T. decipiens were investigated for acetylcholineterase (AChE), alpha-amylase enzyme inhibitions and antimicrobial activities. In vitro inhibition of AChE was monitored by using Ellman's chromogenic agent, and antidiabetic effects of the extracts were spectrophometrically evaluated by inhibition of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase enzyme. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were evaluated against Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028, Bacillus subtilis subsp spizizeni ATCC 6633, B. subtilis ATCC 19654, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 13048, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 by microdilution method. In vitro.-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity was observed for methanol extract (55.6%) at 10 mg/mL. The highest AChE inhibition was recorded for n-hexane extract (58.8%) at concentration (10 mg/mL). The extracts were found to be effective against B. subtilis ATCC 19654, B. subtilis subsp spizizeni ATCC 6633, S. aureus ATCC 6538 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019.
