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    The effect of smoking on spontaneous passage of distal ureteral stones
    (Bmc, 2014) Fazlioglu, Adem; Salman, Yilmaz; Tandogdu, Zafer; Kurtulus, Fatih Osman; Bas, Serap; Cek, Mete
    Background: Animal studies have shown that nicotine affects the peristalsis of the ureter. The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of smoking on spontaneous passage of distal ureteral stones. Methods: 88 patients in whom distal ureteral stone below 10 mm diameter diagnosed with helical computerized tomography enhanced images were reviewed. Patients were grouped as either smokers (n:33) or non smokers (n:50). Follow-up for spontaneous passage of stones was limited with 4 weeks. Patients did not receive any additional medical treatment other than non-steroid anti inflamatory drugs only during painful renal colic episodes. Two groups were compared with the chi-square test in terms of passing the stone or not. Stone passage was confirmed with either the patient collecting the stone during urination or by helical CT. Results: Smoking habits was present in 30(34%) patients and the frequency in both groups were similar (smokers: 23(76%) vs non-smokers: 46(79%)). Spontaneous passage of the stone was observed in 69(78%) patients. The two groups were comparable in terms of patien age, male to female ratio and stone size. Stone passage decreased as stone diameter increased. Total stone passage rates were similar in both groups (smokers: 76% vs. non-smokers: 79%) (p > 0.05). Passage of stones > 4 mm was observed in 46% and 67% of smokers and non-smokers respectively. However passage of stones with a diameter <= 4 mm were similar in both groups (smokers: 100% vs non-smokers: 92%) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Smoking has neither a favorable nor un-favorable effect on spontaneous passage of distal ureteral stones. However, spontaneous passage rates in patients with a stone diameter > 4 mm was lower in smokers. These results should be further confirmed with studies including larger numbers of patients.
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    Semirigid ureteroscopy: the effect of previous ipsilateral intraureteral manipulations on stone clearance
    (Springer, 2012) Kurtulus, Fatih O.; Avci, Egemen; Tandogdu, Zafer; Gungor, Ruhi; Karaca, Sener; Fazlioglu, Adem; Cek, Mete
    We investigated whether previous intraureteral manipulations had an effect on the stone-free rates (SFR) after semi-rigid ureteroscopy (URS) with pneumatic lithotripsy. A retrospective review of all patients who were treated for ureteral stones at two different institutions from June 2003 through January 2010 was performed. Data of 161 URS procedures were analyzed. Stone size, location (distal, mid and proximal) and number (single and multiple), patient demographics and previous intraureteral manipulations were recorded. Patients were grouped as having undergone a previous ipsilateral intraureteral manipulation (Group 1) or not (Group 2). Stone location and number, stone clearance and ancillary procedures were compared. There were no significant differences between Group 1 versus Group 2 for age (p > 0.05), gender (p > 0.05), stone site (p > 0.05) and stone size (p > 0.05). Stones with multiple locations were more frequent in Group 1 (18.5%); however, the difference did not reach statistical significance between the two groups. Similarly, the frequency of multiple stones was also higher in Group 1 (29.6%). Stone site, diameter and gender were comparable in both groups. Stone-free rate of all patients was 84.6% after the first intervention. This rate increased to 98.1% after secondary procedures. Univariate analysis revealed that SFR after URS were low in patients who underwent previous intraureteral manipulations (Group 1:55.6% vs. Group 2:89.1%). SFR after the first intervention were related with stone size, location and number. Additionally, multiple logistic regression analysis indicated a relationship between previous intraureteral manipulations and initial stone clearance rates. Spontaneous passage of stone fragments after URS was associated with stone burden, location, number and previous intraureteral manipulations. Further multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only previous intraureteral manipulations were associated with the expulsion of the stones left for passage.