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    Evaluation of Virulence in Various Candida Species: In Vitro and In Vivo Study
    (Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2010) Gurcan, Saban; Alver, Oktay; Ercan, Ilker; Ener, Beyza
    Objective: In vitro virulence features of Candida strains isolated from blood specimens of 85 non-neutropenic patients, and in vivo (murine) tissue invasions were assessed in this study. Material and Methods: Virulence tests were examined at a single strain (85 isolates) of the patients. Surface hydrophobicity, attachment to epithelial cells, phospholipase and proteinase enzyme activity were examined in vitro virulence factors. Strains diluted with PBS were inoculated through the tail veins of the mice (Swiss albino). Results: In vitro virulence of the persisting strains was not higher than the ones which were isolated only once. Phospholipase activity was only detected in C.albicans strains and 87.5% of the C.albicans strains showed tissue invasion. The only strain that did not demonstrate tissue invasion was the one which showed no in vitro enzyme activity. In vitro virulence of the other species which do not produce phospholipase were lower than C.albicans. The species with the lowest virulence was found to be C.krusei. Significant correlation between tissue invasion and enzyme secretion (phospholipase and/or proteinase) suggests that enzyme secretion was more important than adhesive property for invasion. However, the absence of invasion in C.parapsilosis strains with high proteinase secretion was an interesting finding. Conclusion: It was highlighted in this study that the identification of the clinical isolates at the species level is really important as Candida species had different in vivo and in vitro virulence factors.
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    The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Participation Questionnaire
    (Aves, 2018) Altan, Lale; Celiker, Reyhan; Ercan, Ilker; Birtane, Murat; Akgun, Kenan; Zateri, Coskun; Tastekin, Nurettin
    Objective: The objective of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Fibromyalgia Participation Questionnaire (FPQ). Methods: One hundred and eighty-four female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome were included in the study. All patients filled out the Turkish FPQ (FPQ-T) questionnaire, which was obtained by translation from German according to the guideline for the process of cross-cultural adaptation The patients filled out the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and reevaluated the FPQ-T two hours later. Internal consistency reliability of the FPQ-T was assessed by calculating the if item deleted using Cronbach's alpha and the item-total correction coefficient for each item of the questionnaire. The consistency of the subscales and the correlation of the test-retest values were assessed. The test-retest values were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Criterion validity was measured using FIQ scales by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: For internal reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.957 for nonworking patients and 0.958 for working patients. Cronbach's alpha values of 0.939, 0.871, and 0.914 were obtained for daily, social, and work life, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0.888 for daily life, 0.859 for social life, and 0.901 overall in the nonworking group versus 0.896 the in working group. The comparison of scores obtained from test-retest measurements showed no significant difference except for Item 3. The correlation of the symptom severity score (SSS) and the FPQ-T was r=0.385 (p<0.001) and r=0.390 (p<0.001) for the nonworking and working subgroups, respectively. The evaluation of construct validity showed a significant correlation between the SSS and FPQ-T. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that the FPQ-T is reliable and valid for assessing participation and social functioning in fibromyalgia patients in Turkish society.