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Öğe Assessment of Ecologic Quality in Terms of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment and Fish on Sakarya River and Dam Lakes, Turkey(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Kose, Esengul; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Cicek, Arzu; Aksu, Sadi; Baskurt, Sercan; Tokatli, Cem; Sahin, MerveSakarya River with a length of 824 km is one of the most important lothic ecosystems of Turkey. Sariyar, Gokcekaya and Yenice Dams were constructed on the Sararya River for the purpose of electric supply and utility water for agricultural and fishery activities. In this study, sediment samples were collected from 14 stations selected on areas seasonally (2015-2016). Also, cyprinidae species (Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), Capoeta baliki) (Turan, 21 Kottelat, Ekmekci & Imamoglu 2006) were caught from Dam Lakes and Sakarya River. Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb levels in sediment samples and in tissues (liver, gill and muscle) of fish were analyzed in samples by Analytic Jena ContrAA 700 (high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer). The data observed were evaluated with national and international quality criteria. According to the data in the study results, heavy metal accumulations in the gill and liver of fish were determined higher than muscle. Zn levels in muscle of C. gibelio caught from Yenice Dam Lake were higher than the permissible limit stated by Turkish legislation and FAO. Also, Cr and Ni levels in sediment samples especially during rainy seasons were higher to dry seasons and Cr and Ni levels were detected higher than sediment quality guidelines.Öğe Boron and Arsenic Levels in Water, Sediment, and Tissues of Carassius Gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in a Dam Lake(Hard, 2014) Cicek, Arzu; Kose, Esengul; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Tokatli, Cem; Baskurt, Sercan; Sulun, SuleThe Seydisuyu River one of the tributaries of Sakarya River which is the third largest river system in Turkey. The Seydisuyu Basin includes one of the most important boron mines in world. Boron sources in the Seydisuyu Basin, fertilizers, and pesticides used in agricultural applications; geological structure of the basin and mining applications are resources important for boron and arsenic. Kunduzlar Dam Lake, which is one of: the most important reservoirs of the Seydisuyu basin, was constructed for the Seyitgazi Plain in 1983. Boron and arsenic values were the two important contaminants determined around the region. B and As levels were determined in water and sediment of Kunduzlar Dam Lake and also B levels were identified in tissues of Carassius gibelio. Water and sediment samples were collected seasonally between 2011-12. Also, muscle, gill, and liver tissues of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) were examined in spring 2012. Arsenic and boron levels in water were found higher than permissible levels. In all tissues of Carassius gibelio bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for boron were remarkably high and boron accumulation levels in the muscle were lower than other tissues.Öğe Ecological risk assessment of toxic metal contamination in a significant mining basin in Turkey(Springer, 2021) Tokatli, Cem; Ugurluoglu, Alper; Kose, Esengul; Cicek, Arzu; Arslan, Naime; Dayioglu, Hayri; Emiroglu, OzgurEmet River Basin is a worldwide significant mining area and contains the most important boron and chromium deposits of Turkey. In this study, water and sediment quality of Emet River Basin was evaluated using some toxic element risk assessment indices. Samples were collected seasonally from 8 locations and nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in water and sediment were analysed using an ICP-OES. Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Degree of Contamination Index (C-deg) were applied to the data for assessing the water quality and Biological Risk Index (BRI), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo), Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were applied to the data for assessing the sediment quality. According to the results of WQI, HPI, HEI and C-deg, As and Cr were recorded as the most dangerous toxicants; according to the results of BRI, I-geo, CF and PLI, Cd, As and Pb were recorded as the most dangerous toxicants; and according to the results of PERI, Ni and Cr were recorded as the most dangerous toxicants among the investigated elements. The seasonal average values of applied ecological indices for the water of the basin ranged 71.41-888.29 for WQI, 85.97-915.76 for HPI, 4.04-49.80 for HEI and - 2.95-42.80 for C-deg. The seasonal average values of applied ecological indices for the sediment of the basin ranged 33.72-130.56 for PERI, 0.14-0.93 for BRI, - 3.92-5.99 for I-geo and 0.45-1.20 for PLI. In addition to the intensive agricultural applications around the region, the geological structure of the watershed was considered as the main cause of the high heavy metal accumulations in basin waters and sediments.Öğe Ecosystem quality assessment of an aquatic habitat in a globally important boron reserve: Emet Stream Basin (Turkey)(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2016) Tokatli, Cem; Kose, Esengul; Arslan, Naine; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Cicek, Arzu; Dayioglu, HayriIn this study, ecosystem quality of Emet Stream Basin was evaluated by investigating some water quality parameters and trace toxic element accumulations. According to data observed, the contaminated areas had much higher concentrations, an average of 20 times for water and 40 times for sediment in terms of arsenic and 30 times for water and 10 times for sediment in terms of boron than the uncontaminated areas. The amounts of arsenic in muscle tissues of Squalius cii, Capoeta tinca and Barbus oligolepis were much higher and the amounts of zinc in muscle tissues of C. tinca and B. oligolepis were higher than the limit values of Turkish Food Codex. According to results of factor analysis, three factors named as 'mining, agricultural and climate factors' explained 75.41% of the total variance and according to results of cluster analysis, three statistically significant clusters named as 'low, moderate and high polluted areas' were formed.Öğe Effect of Silver on Aquatic Ecosystems of Emet Stream Basin, Turkey(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2013) Tokatli, Cem; Arslan, Naime; Cicek, Arzu; Kose, Esengul; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Dayioglu, HayriEmet Stream is one of the most important branches of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar area) and also one of Turkey's most important river systems. In addition to the geologic structure of the basin, Eti Silver Mine is a significance source of silver for the basin. In this study, water, sediment and fish samples (Squalius cii (Richardson, 1857); Capoeta tinca (Heckel, 1843); Barbus oligolepis Battalgil, 1941) were collected from 8 stations (1 of them is on the Kinik Stream and 1 of them is on the Dursunbey Stream) from Emet Stream Basin seasonally between November 2010 August 2011 to determine the Ag levels in biotic and abiotic components of Emet Stream Basin. Cluster Analysis was applied to the results to classify the stations according to the contents of silver by using the Past package program and also One Way Anova Test was applied to the results to determine the significant differences of silver accumulations by using the SPSS 17 package program. According to data, silver accumulations in abiotic components of Emet Stream Basin were determined as sediment > water and in biotic components (fish tissues) of Emet Stream were determined as kidney > liver > gill > muscle for S. cii, liver > gill > kidney > muscle for C.tinca and gill > liver > kidney > muscle for B. oligolepis, respectively.Öğe Heavy Metal Accumulations in Water, Sediment, and Some Cyprinid Species in Porsuk Stream (Turkey)(Wiley, 2015) Kose, Esengul; Cicek, Arzu; Uysal, Kazim; Tokatli, Cem; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Arslan, NaimePorsuk Stream is one of Turkey's most important river systems and also one of the most important branches of the Sakarya River. It provides drinking and utility water for two Turkish cities (Kutahya and Eskisxehir) with a total population of one million. In this study, water, sediment, and some tissues (liver, gill, and muscle) of five cyprinid fish species were collected seasonally (2010-2011) from eight stations on the Porsuk Stream, and the zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) levels of collected samples were determined. The data observed were evaluated with national and international quality criteria. Based on the data observed, it was determined that the Porsuk Stream is affected by significant inorganic pollution from the Kutahya and Eskisxehir Provinces. It was also determined that the Porsuk Dam Lake has an important cleaning capacity and that the water and sediment quality of the Porsuk Stream improves after the output of the dam lake.Öğe Invasion of freshwater bodies in the Marmara region (northwestern Turkey) by nonnative gibel carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2011) Aydin, Hamdi; Gaygusuz, Ozcan; Tarkan, Ali Serhan; Top, Nildeniz; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Gaygusuz, Cigdem GursoyThe aim of this study was to learn the invasion speed and sex ratio, which would be indicative of invasive character, of a nonnative fish species, gibel carp, by reporting its new localities in the Marmara region of northwestern Turkey. Whether the occurrence of gibel carp in freshwater bodies of the Marmara region was random (i.e. chance element) was tested. The question of population increase since first introduction was also examined. Among 14 new locations for gibel carp found during this study, the majority were in mostly lentic ecosystems. The invasion rate of gibel carp in the Marmara region, since its first introduction in the early 1980s, is approximately 1 new water body per year (1.17; number of sites invaded by gibel carp = 35). Females significantly outnumbered males in 10 out of the 12 populations studied, with the sex ratio deviating from unity (1:1) in all populations except 2. The regional extent of gibel carp occurrence increased with the number of years since first introduction (y = 1.34x - 2651.1, F = 47.41, P < 0.001, = 0.95). The implications for conservation of native fishes are discussed.Öğe Pesticide Accumulation in Turkey's Meric River Basinwater and Sediment(Hard, 2020) Tokatli, Cem; Kose, Esengul; Cicek, Arzu; Emiroglu, OzgurThe Meric River is located in the Thrace Region of Turkey, which has great importance in terms of agricultural potential and is known as Rice Land. The Meric is also the longest river in the Balkans and is known to be exposed to intensive pollution by means of special agricultural pressure on the system. The aim of this study was to determine pesticide accumulation in water and sediment of the Meric River Basin. For this purpose, water and sediment samples were collected in spring (rainy) of 2017 from 24 stations selected on the basin and pesticide contents. A total of 174 different pesticide varieties were investigated in water and sediment samples using liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry LC/MS. According to detected data, the concentration of pesticide residues ranged from 30.4 ng/L (thiabendazole in Meric River) to 291,310 ng/L (carbendazim in Ergene River) for water samples, and from 12.4 ng/L (spiroxamine in Gala Leke) to 15,947 (carbendazim in Ergene River) for sediment samples. There was a clear dominance of the carbendazim in all the investigated aquatic habitats. It was also determined that pesticide concentrations detected in the Meric River Basin, especially in the Ergene River, were found to be at quite high levels and the system has Class III-IV water quality in terms of total pesticide accumulation.Öğe Sediment Quality Assessment in Porsuk Stream Basin (Turkey) from a Multi-Statistical Perspective(Hard, 2018) Kose, Esengul; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Cicek, Arzu; Tokatli, Cem; Baskurt, Sercan; Aksu, SadiPorsuk Stream Basin is a significant aquatic habitat located in the middle of the Aegean and Central Anatolian Regions of Turkey. Similar to may aquatic habitats, it is exposed to intensive agricultural, domestic, and industrial pollution. The aim of this study was to determine the toxic element levels in Porsuk Stream Basin sediment and evaluate the detected data using a multi-statistical technique. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected from 18 stations selected on the basin (three of them located on Porsuk Dam Lake) in summer 2015, and zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and chromium accumulations in sediment samples were determined. All the detected data were compared with the consensus-based threshold effect concentrations (TEC), and factor analysis (FA) also was applied to detected data in order to evaluate the contamination grades in the basin. According to detected data, although Cu, Pb, and Cd concentrations were detected below the limit values, Zn, Cr, and Ni concentrations exceeded the limit values in general. According to results of FA, 3 factors - industrial, agricultural, and lead - explained 81.56% of the total variance.Öğe Spatio-temporal Sediment Quality Risk Assessment by Using Ecological and Statistical Indicators: A Review of the Upper Sakarya River, Türkiye(Springer, 2023) Kose, Esengul; Cicek, Arzu; Aksu, Sadi; Tokatli, Cem; Emiroglu, OzgurIn this study, heavy metal accumulation levels (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, As) in biotic [Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), Squalius pursakensis (Hanko 1925)] and abiotic (sediments) components in a significant freshwater ecosystem in Turkiye were investigated on the basis of seasonal variations using geographic information systems (GIS) and some ecotoxicological risk assessment indices [PLI (pollution load index), PERI (potential ecological risk index), Igeo (geo accumulation index), CF (contamination factor) and BRI (Biological Risk Index)]. GIS-based maps were utilized to depict the distribution of ecotoxicological risk assessment indices to provide a visual explanation by using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) as an estimation method. Samples were collected seasonally from 12 stations selected on the Upper Sakarya River Basin, which is one of the longest fluvial ecosystems in Turkiye. As a result of applied indices, cadmium was found as the most hazardous heavy metal in terms of PERI and CF, nickel was found as the most hazardous heavy metal in terms of BRI and arsenic was found as the most hazardous heavy metal in terms of Igeo. As a result of applied PCI, 2 statistically significant factors explained 81.31% of the total variance. It was also determined that levels of almost all the investigated heavy metals (except Zn) in muscle tissues of fishes were under the permissible limits of Turkish legislation and the FAO.Öğe Statistical approaches to evaluate the aquatic ecosystem qualities of a significant mining area: Emet stream basin (Turkey)(Springer, 2014) Tokatli, Cem; Cicek, Arzu; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Arslan, Naime; Kose, Esengul; Dayioglu, HayriEmet Stream is one of the most important branches of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar area) and also one of Turkey's most important river systems. In addition to the geologic structure of the basin, Harmancik Chromium Mines are one of the most important inorganic pollution sources for the basin and also for Uluabat Lake. In the present study, water, sediment and fish (Squalius cii, Capoeta tinca and Barbus oligolepis) samples were collected seasonally from eight stations (one of them was on the Kinik Stream where the Harmancik Chromium Mines is located on and one of them was on the Dursunbey Stream) on the Emet Stream Basin. Some limnological parameters (pH, conductivity and total hardness) in water and Cr, Ca, Mg, Ni and Mn levels in biotic (muscle, gill, liver and kidney tissues of fishes) and abiotic (water and sediment) components of basin were determined to evaluate the effects of Harmancik Chromium Mines on the system. Cluster Analysis, Factor Analysis, Pearson Correlation Index, One Way Anova Tests, Scatter dot Comparing and Matrix plot Distribution Diagrams were applied to the results in order to estimate the data properly. Water samples were evaluated according to the water quality criteria for Turkey and sediment samples were evaluated according to the sediment quality criteria. According to data obtained, statistically significance differences were identified between Kinik and Emet Streams according to Cr and Ni accumulations in water and sediment. Chromium levels of Kinik Stream were extremely higher an average of 153 times for water and 10 times for sediment than uncontaminated stations. Water and sediment quality of Emet Stream were decreasing after falling the Kinik Stream and increasing after falling the Dursunbey Stream. It was also determined that, the amount of chromium in muscle tissues of three fish species were much higher than the limit value of 0.15 mg kg(-1) that FAO identified.Öğe TRACE AND TOXIC ELEMENTS IN THE WATERS OF A CONTAMINATED WATERSHED IN TURKEY(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2020) Tokatli, Cem; Kose, Esengul; Cicek, Arzu; Emiroglu, OzgurErgene River Basin is the main fluvial habitat of Thrace Part of Marmara region and known as one of the most polluted river ecosystems of Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of Ergene River Basin components (Merit and Ergene Rivers and 10 most significant tributaries of the basin) by investigating 25 trace and toxic element concentrations (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl and Pb). Water samples were collected in rainy season (spring) of 2018 from 21 stations and element levels were investigated by using an ICP-MS. Cluster Analysis (CA) was used to classify the investigated trace and toxic elements in terms of accumulation levels in the waters of Ergene River Basin and to classify the investigated stations in terms of contamination levels. According to the results of element analysis, Ergene River has Class II and corlu Stream has Class III water quality in terms of nickel and chromium parameters. Almost all the investigated watershed elements have Class III and Ergene River and corlu Stream have Class IV water quality in terms of selenium parameter. According to the results of elemental CA, 4 statistically significant clusters were formed, which were named as Most intense elements, Second most intense elements, Moderate intense elements and Rarest elements. According to the results of locational CA, 3 statistically significant clusters were formed, which were named as Less contaminated regions, Moderate contaminated regions and Most contaminated regions.Öğe Uptake of Silver From Large Silver Deposits on Biotic and Abiotic Components of the Closest Lothic System: Felent Stream, Turkey(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2013) Tokatli, Cem; Cicek, Arzu; Kose, Esengul; Emiroglu, OzgurIn the present study, water, sediment, diatom (epipelic), plant (Lemna trisulca), benthos (Gammarus sp. and Hirudo sp.) and fish samples (Alburnus escherichii and Gobio sakaryaensis) were collected from Felent Stream (closest lothic system to an important silver mine of Turkey) to determine the natural and anthropogenic effects. Cluster Analysis, Boxplot Deviation Diagrams and One Way ANOVA Test were applied to evaluate the data. Extreme silver contaminations were detected both in biotic and abiotic components of Kopruoren Village. The highest silver level was recorded as 7.98 mg/kg in sediment of stream in spring season. Significant increases of silver levels were determined in spring and autumn seasons in water of entire basin. Silver bioaccumulations in tissues of A. escherichii and a sakaryaensis followed the order: liver > gonad > gill > muscle. Significant differences were found in Gammarus sp. (0.026 - 0.234 mg/kg) and L. trisulca (0.009 - 0.206 mg/kg) collected from uncontaminated source of stream and Kopruoren Village (contaminated) and in Hirudo sp. (under the detection limit - 0.05 mg/kg) collected from source of stream and solid waste storage area. Also silver bioaccumulations in epipelic diatom frustules of Yoncali Village (after discharge of mine) were significantly higher than uncontaminated stations (an average of 7 times). It was also found that solid waste disposal site of Kutahya Province was an important source of silver pollution whereas Enne Dam Lake was a significant barrier for silver accumulation and biomagnification downstream of basin.Öğe USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) TO EVALUATE THE WATER QUALITY OF GALA LAKE (EDIRNE)(Yildiz Technical Univ, 2014) Tokatli, Cem; Kose, Esengul; Ugurluoglu, Alper; Cicek, Arzu; Emiroglu, OzgurGala Lake National Park is one of the most important wetland ecosystems not only for Turkey but also for the globe. But as similar to many wet lands, Gala Lake is under effect of an intensive organic and inorganic pollution originated from agricultural activities conducted around the lake and from industrial discharges by means of Ergene River. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality of Gala Lake and Irrigation Canal by investigating some lymnological parameters (temperature, oxygen, pH, conductivity, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, chloride, fluoride, COD, TOC and BOD) and to apply the Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to make a visual explanation by presenting distribution maps of investigated parameters. According to results of the present study, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds of the system were in quite high levels and nitrite nitrogen was found to be the highest risk factor in water of Gala Lake and Irrigation Canal.
