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    Ecological risk assessment of toxic metal contamination in a significant mining basin in Turkey
    (Springer, 2021) Tokatli, Cem; Ugurluoglu, Alper; Kose, Esengul; Cicek, Arzu; Arslan, Naime; Dayioglu, Hayri; Emiroglu, Ozgur
    Emet River Basin is a worldwide significant mining area and contains the most important boron and chromium deposits of Turkey. In this study, water and sediment quality of Emet River Basin was evaluated using some toxic element risk assessment indices. Samples were collected seasonally from 8 locations and nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) accumulations in water and sediment were analysed using an ICP-OES. Water Quality Index (WQI), Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Degree of Contamination Index (C-deg) were applied to the data for assessing the water quality and Biological Risk Index (BRI), Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Geo-Accumulation Index (I-geo), Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were applied to the data for assessing the sediment quality. According to the results of WQI, HPI, HEI and C-deg, As and Cr were recorded as the most dangerous toxicants; according to the results of BRI, I-geo, CF and PLI, Cd, As and Pb were recorded as the most dangerous toxicants; and according to the results of PERI, Ni and Cr were recorded as the most dangerous toxicants among the investigated elements. The seasonal average values of applied ecological indices for the water of the basin ranged 71.41-888.29 for WQI, 85.97-915.76 for HPI, 4.04-49.80 for HEI and - 2.95-42.80 for C-deg. The seasonal average values of applied ecological indices for the sediment of the basin ranged 33.72-130.56 for PERI, 0.14-0.93 for BRI, - 3.92-5.99 for I-geo and 0.45-1.20 for PLI. In addition to the intensive agricultural applications around the region, the geological structure of the watershed was considered as the main cause of the high heavy metal accumulations in basin waters and sediments.
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    Ecosystem quality assessment of an aquatic habitat in a globally important boron reserve: Emet Stream Basin (Turkey)
    (Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, 2016) Tokatli, Cem; Kose, Esengul; Arslan, Naine; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Cicek, Arzu; Dayioglu, Hayri
    In this study, ecosystem quality of Emet Stream Basin was evaluated by investigating some water quality parameters and trace toxic element accumulations. According to data observed, the contaminated areas had much higher concentrations, an average of 20 times for water and 40 times for sediment in terms of arsenic and 30 times for water and 10 times for sediment in terms of boron than the uncontaminated areas. The amounts of arsenic in muscle tissues of Squalius cii, Capoeta tinca and Barbus oligolepis were much higher and the amounts of zinc in muscle tissues of C. tinca and B. oligolepis were higher than the limit values of Turkish Food Codex. According to results of factor analysis, three factors named as 'mining, agricultural and climate factors' explained 75.41% of the total variance and according to results of cluster analysis, three statistically significant clusters named as 'low, moderate and high polluted areas' were formed.
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    Effect of Silver on Aquatic Ecosystems of Emet Stream Basin, Turkey
    (Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2013) Tokatli, Cem; Arslan, Naime; Cicek, Arzu; Kose, Esengul; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Dayioglu, Hayri
    Emet Stream is one of the most important branches of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar area) and also one of Turkey's most important river systems. In addition to the geologic structure of the basin, Eti Silver Mine is a significance source of silver for the basin. In this study, water, sediment and fish samples (Squalius cii (Richardson, 1857); Capoeta tinca (Heckel, 1843); Barbus oligolepis Battalgil, 1941) were collected from 8 stations (1 of them is on the Kinik Stream and 1 of them is on the Dursunbey Stream) from Emet Stream Basin seasonally between November 2010 August 2011 to determine the Ag levels in biotic and abiotic components of Emet Stream Basin. Cluster Analysis was applied to the results to classify the stations according to the contents of silver by using the Past package program and also One Way Anova Test was applied to the results to determine the significant differences of silver accumulations by using the SPSS 17 package program. According to data, silver accumulations in abiotic components of Emet Stream Basin were determined as sediment > water and in biotic components (fish tissues) of Emet Stream were determined as kidney > liver > gill > muscle for S. cii, liver > gill > kidney > muscle for C.tinca and gill > liver > kidney > muscle for B. oligolepis, respectively.
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    Research into the Epipelic Diatoms of the Meric and Tunca Rivers and the Application of the Biological Diatom Index in Water Quality Assessment
    (Istanbul Univ Press, Fac Aquatic Sciences, 2020) Tokatli, Cem; Solak, Cuneyt Nadir; Yilmaz, Elif; Atici, Tahir; Dayioglu, Hayri
    The Meric River is one of the longest rivers of the Balkans and the Tunca River is the most significant tributary of the Meric River. In the present study, the epipelic diatoms of the Meric and Tunca Rivers were investigated and the water quality was evaluated from a physicochemical and biological perspective. Epipelic (EPP) diatoms were collected from the middlestream of the Meric River (Edirne Province of Turkey) and from the downstream of the Tunca River (before emptying into the Meric River) and certain physicochemical parameters including dissolved oxygen (DO), oxygen saturation (OS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, turbidity, nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), ammonium (NH4), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were measured during the field studies. The Biological Diatom Index (IBD) was used to determine the trophic status of the Meric and Tunca Rivers in terms of EPP diatoms, and Cluster Analysis (CA) was applied to the detected biological data in order to classify the identified diatom taxa in terms of their dominance in the system. According to the results of the physicochemical analysis, the Meric and Tunca Rivers have I. - II. Class water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, pH, EC, TDS, NO3, NH4, SO4 and COD parameters; and have III. - IV. Class water quality in terms of NO2 and PO4 parameters. 24 diatom species were recorded in the Meric River by counting a total of 403 valves and a total of 19 diatom species were identified by counting a total of 409 diatom valves in the Tunca River. Cyclotella atomus Hustedt, Navicula gregaria Donkin, Nitzschia palea (Kutzing) W.Smith and Nitzschia subacicularis Hustedt, were determined as the most dominant species in the Meric River and Navicula erifuga Lange-Bertalot, Navicula gregaria Donkin and Navicula rostellata Kutzing were recorded as the most dominant taxa in the Tunca River. According to the result of the IBD, the investigated rivers were found to be in a meso-eutrophic state and according to the results of CA, three statistical clusters were formed for both rivers, and were named as dominant taxa, frequent taxa and rare taxa.
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    Statistical approaches to evaluate the aquatic ecosystem qualities of a significant mining area: Emet stream basin (Turkey)
    (Springer, 2014) Tokatli, Cem; Cicek, Arzu; Emiroglu, Ozgur; Arslan, Naime; Kose, Esengul; Dayioglu, Hayri
    Emet Stream is one of the most important branches of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar area) and also one of Turkey's most important river systems. In addition to the geologic structure of the basin, Harmancik Chromium Mines are one of the most important inorganic pollution sources for the basin and also for Uluabat Lake. In the present study, water, sediment and fish (Squalius cii, Capoeta tinca and Barbus oligolepis) samples were collected seasonally from eight stations (one of them was on the Kinik Stream where the Harmancik Chromium Mines is located on and one of them was on the Dursunbey Stream) on the Emet Stream Basin. Some limnological parameters (pH, conductivity and total hardness) in water and Cr, Ca, Mg, Ni and Mn levels in biotic (muscle, gill, liver and kidney tissues of fishes) and abiotic (water and sediment) components of basin were determined to evaluate the effects of Harmancik Chromium Mines on the system. Cluster Analysis, Factor Analysis, Pearson Correlation Index, One Way Anova Tests, Scatter dot Comparing and Matrix plot Distribution Diagrams were applied to the results in order to estimate the data properly. Water samples were evaluated according to the water quality criteria for Turkey and sediment samples were evaluated according to the sediment quality criteria. According to data obtained, statistically significance differences were identified between Kinik and Emet Streams according to Cr and Ni accumulations in water and sediment. Chromium levels of Kinik Stream were extremely higher an average of 153 times for water and 10 times for sediment than uncontaminated stations. Water and sediment quality of Emet Stream were decreasing after falling the Kinik Stream and increasing after falling the Dursunbey Stream. It was also determined that, the amount of chromium in muscle tissues of three fish species were much higher than the limit value of 0.15 mg kg(-1) that FAO identified.