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    An immunohistochemical analysis of the neuroprotective effects of memantine, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and brimonidine after acute ischemia reperfusion injury
    (Molecular Vision, 2011) Yigit, Ulviye; Erdenoz, Serkan; Uslu, Unal; Oba, Ersin; Cumbul, Alev; Cagatay, Halil; Aktas, Samil
    Purpose: This study applies treatment methods to rat retinas subjected to acute ischemia reperfusion injury and compares the efficacy of memantine, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, and brimonidine by histopathological examination. Methods: Thirty adult Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups after retinal ischemia was induced by elevating the intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg. The groups were as follows: group 1: control; group 2: acute retinal ischemia (ARI) model but without treatment group; group 3: memantine (MEM) treatment group; group 4: HBO therapy group; and group 5: brimonidine treatment (BRI) group. In the control group, right eyes were cannulated with a 30-gauge needle and removed without causing any intraocular pressure change. The ARI group was an acute retinal ischemia model, but without treatment. In the MEM group, animals were given a unique dose of intravenous 25 mg/kg memantine by the tail vein route after inducing ARI. In the HBO group, at 2 h following ARI, HBO treatment was applied for nine days. In the BRI group, a 0.15% brimonidine tartrate eye drop treatment was applied twice a day (BID) for seven days before ARI. Twenty-one days after establishing ischemia reperfusion, the right eyes were enucleated after the cardiac gluteraldehyde perfusion method, and then submitted to histological evaluation. Results: On average, the total retinal ganglion cell number was 239.93 +/- 8.60 in the control group, 125.14 +/- 7.18 in the ARI group, 215.89 +/- 8.36 in the MEM group, 208.69 +/- 2.05 in the HBO group, and 172.27 +/- 8.16 in the BRI group. Mean apoptotic indexes in the groups were 1.1 +/- 0.35%, 57.71 +/- 0.58%, 23.57 +/- 1.73%, 15.63 +/- 0.58%, and 29.37 +/- 2.55%, respectively. Conclusions: The present study shows that memantine, HBO, and brimonidine therapies were effective in reducing the damage induced by acute ischemia reperfusion in the rat retina. Our study suggests that these treatments had beneficial effects due to neuroprotection, and therefore may be applied in clinical practice.
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    Preventive Effect of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Pentoxifylline Against Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: An Animal Study
    (W B Saunders Co-Elsevier Inc, 2017) Yalcin-Ulker, Gul Merve; Cumbul, Alev; Duygu-Capar, Gonca; Uslu, Unal; Sencift, Kemal
    Purpose: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the prophylactic effect of pentoxifylline (PTX) on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Materials and Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=33) received zoledronic acid (ZA) for 8 weeks to create an osteonecrosis model. The left mandibular second molars were extracted and the recovery period lasted 8 weeks before sacrifice. PTX was intraperitoneally administered to prevent MRONJ. The specimens were histopathologically and histomorphometrically evaluated. Results: Histomorphometrically, between the control and ZA groups, there was no statistically significant difference in total bone volume (P=.999), but there was a statistically significant difference in bone ratio in the extraction sockets (P<.001). A comparison of the bone ratio of the ZA group with the ZA/PTX group (PTX administered after extraction) showed no statistically significant difference (P=.69), but there was a statistically significant difference with the ZA/PTX/PTX group (PTX administered before and after extraction; P=.008). Histopathologically, between the control and ZA groups, there were statistically significant differences for inflammation (P=.013), vascularization (P=.022), hemorrhage (P=.025), and regeneration (P=.008). Between the ZA and ZA/PTX groups, there were no statistically significant differences for inflammation (P=.536), vascularization (P=.642), hemorrhage (P=.765), and regeneration (P=.127). Between the ZA and ZA/PTX/PTX groups, there were statistically significant differences for inflammation (P=.017), vascularization (P=.04), hemorrhage (P=.044), and regeneration (P=.04). Conclusion: In this experimental model of MRONJ, it might be concluded that although PTX, given after tooth extraction, improves new bone formation that positively affects bone healing, it is not prophylactic. However, PTX given before tooth extraction is prophylactic. Therefore, PTX might affect healing in a positive way by optimizing the inflammatory response. (C) 2017 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons