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Öğe 2003 Yılı Sonunda Bankacılık Sektörü(2004) Apak, Sudi2003 Yılı bankacılık sektörü açısından toplam aktiflerin, kredilerin, karlılığın ve sermaye yeterliliğinin arttığı bir yıl olduğu görülmüştür.lMKB'de işlem gören ticari bankaların karlarında bilanço vade yapısının da etkisiyle faiz oranlarındaki düşüş, sermaye piyasası işlemlerinden elde edilen gelirlerdeki artış ve kambiyo zararının kara dönmesi etkili olmuştur.Bununla birlikte kamu bankalarının görev zararları devam etmektedir. Bu yüzden özelleştirme yapılamamaktadır. BDDK denetimleri yetersiz kalmakta ve dinamik analiz yapılamamaktadır. Bankacılık sektörü 2004 yılına da bu sorunlar ile girmiş ve kaynak yaratma ile kredi vermedeki problemler devam etmektedir.Öğe Öğe 2006 Yılı Başında Türk Bankacılık Sektörü(2006) Apak, SudiTürkiye ekonomisi geçen yıl yüksek büyüme hızı ve düşük enflasyona ulaşırken, dış ticaret ve cari açığın devamı, yüksek borç seviyesi, yüksek reel faiz, işsizlik gibi sorunlarla da birliktedir. Ayrıca, 2006 başından itibaren Merkez Bankası enflasyon hedeflemesini tam olarak uygulamaya başlamıştır. Bankacılık sektörü de bu gelişmelerden- etkilenirken yabancı sermayenin bazı bankaları alması, Yeni Bankacılık Kanunu, Basel II kriterlerinin hazırlık çalışmaları da sektörün ilgi odağındadır. 2005 yılında sektörde tüketici ve konut kredilerinde belirgin artışlar yaşanırken, Tekstil gibi sektörlerde de kredi sorunları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bankalar reel sektörün kredi sorunları ile karşılaşmaktadır. Sektörde henüz yüksek karlılık oranlarına ulaşılmamış olup sermaye artışları da sınırlı kalmıştır. Bankalar Menkul Değerleri portföylerinde azaltırken, kredileri arttırmaktadır. Mevduat ile kredi arasındaki vade uyumsuzluğu da devam etmekte ve Bankacılıkta işlem maliyeti konuları da tartışılmaktadır.Öğe ABD MERKEZ BANKASI’NIN BREZİLYA VE MEKSİKA MERKEZ BANKALARI İLE YAPTIĞI DOLAR/REAL VE DOLAR/PESO TAKASI ANLAŞMALARININ BREZİLYA, MEKSİKA VE TÜRKİYE’NİN KREDİ TEMERRÜT TAKASI ORANLARINA ETKİSİ(Trakya Üniversitesi, 2020) Apak, Sudi; Tevfik, GürmanThe US Federal Reserve acts to ease pressure as coronavirus drives demand for US dollar. The US Federal Reserve set up dollar swap lines with fourteen countries in March 2020. Emerging markets such as Brazil and Mexico are among these countries. The swap lines will last at least six month. Credit default swap(CDS) spread is one of the major indicator of sovereign risk. In this study, the effect of dollar/real and dollar/peso swap agreements on Brazil and Mexico 5 years credit default swaps were examined. Turkey 5 years CDS value were also examined along with Brazil and Mexico credit default swaps.These three countries selected for following reasons. 1-These countries are emerging markets, and in G20. 2-US Federal Reserve will provide 60 billion dollar liqudity for the central banks of Brazil and Mexico. 3-Federal Reserve did not provide dollar liquidity for the central bank of Turkey. 4-Central Bank of Brazil did not use swap values as of the date of June 6, 2020. The correlation coefficients between Turkey and Brazil CDS values, between Turkey and Mexico CDS values, and between Brazil and Mexico CDS values (in the period of Nov. 2019-May. 2020) were calculated for the measure of the strength of the relationship.Three calculated corelation coefficents(r) are close to positive 1. This indicates that there is no effect of FED dolar swap lines on the CDS of Turkey, Brazil and Mexico. It is concluded that the main reason of the increases of the values of Credit Default Swaps is COVİD 19.Öğe Bankacılık Kredileri ve Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Politik Riske Göre Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği(2007) Apak, Sudi; Tavşancı, AykutTürk mali sisteminde önemli bir rol oynayan bankacılık sistemi, Türkiye ekonomisinde yaşanan tüm gelişmelerden etkilenmiştir. Özellikle ekonomi yönetiminin benimsediği ekonomik anlayış ve uygu-lamalar bankacılık sektörünün yapılanmasına etki etmiştir. Türk bankacılık sistemi son on yıl içerisinde dalgalı bir gelişme göstermiş, finansal sistemdeki kırılganlık hızlanmış, sektörde yaşanan dalga-lanmalar kriz boyutuna taşınmıştır. Bunun sonucunda da kriz sonrası dönemlerde kredi arzında daralmalar yaşanmıştır. Yabancı sermaye mevzuatı açısından oldukça liberal bir ülke olan Türkiye, daha önce yaşanan yüksek enflasyon, politik ve ekonomik dengesizlikler, dünyada yaşanan yabancı sermaye hareketle-rinde yaşanan gelişmelere paralel stratejiler oluşturulamaması gibi nedenlerle, sorunlu ülkeler arasında gösterilmekte, bu durum da yabancı sermayenin Türkiye’ye yeterince yatırım yapmamasına neden olmaktadır. Bunun için riski azaltıcı, rasyonel ve bürokrasiyi azaltıcı bir yapı ortaya çıkarılmalıdır.Öğe Bankacılık Sektöründe Operasyonel Riskin Minimize Edilmesi ve Altı Sigma Uygulamaları(Trakya Üniversitesi, 2009) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanSix Sigma methodology and its tools are becoming very popular for the improvement of key processes of organizations. Companies which try to survive and get a slice from the huge markets in this environment should meet the customer requirements fully and even more than the customers' expectations with zero defects, quick and as the cheapest. By focusing on the improvement of processes on both a strategic and tactical level, Six Sigma has enabled clients to achieve extraordinary financial benefits are achieved by increasing quality, minimizing operation costs, encouraging innovation, deepening customer relationships, and strengthening corporate cultures. In recent years risk management has turned out to be the key factor that determines the existence of financial institutions. Operational risk has become the main topic of risk management agenda especially after the occurrence of wellpublicized high impact loss event during 1990s. Amid increased size and complexity of Banking industry operational risk has a greater potential to transpire in more harmful ways than many other sources of risk. According to the last proposal by Basel Committee, commercial banks are allowed to use advanced measurement approach for operational risk.Öğe Bölgesel Kakınmada Kültürel Turizmin Etkisi: Kırkpınar Yağlı Güreşleri Örneği(2005) Küçükaltan, Derman; Oğuzhan, Adil; Apak, Sudi; Boyacıoğlu, Ebru Z.Edirne’de gerçekleştirilen Geleneksel Kırkpınar Güreşleri kültürel boyutu olan en eski spor organizasyonudur. Kırkpınar Güreşlerinin Edirne ekonomisi açısından sosyo-ekonomik etkileri bulunmaktadır.Bu araştırmanın öncelikli amacı Kırkpınar Güreşleri’nin Edirne ekonomisine etkilerini incelemektir. Buna ilaveten 643 yıldır Edirne’de süregelen geleneksel Kırkpınar Güreşlerinin bölgesel kalkınmaya yansımaları araştırılmıştır. Sınır kenti olan Edirne’ye yönelik katkısı, güreşleri izlemeye gelen 1068 kişi ile yapılan anket soruşturması ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Kültürel turizmin ve Kırkpınar Güreşlerinin Edirne ekonomisine etkileri istatistiksel olarak incelenecektir.Öğe Bölgesel Kalkınmada Kültürel Turizmin Etkisi: Kırkpınar Yağlı Güreşleri Örneği(Trakya Üniversitesi, 2005) Küçükaltan, Derman; Oğuzhan, Adil; Apak, Sudi; Boyacıoğlu, Ebru Z.Edirne’de gerçekleştirilen Geleneksel Kırkpınar Güreşleri kültürel boyutu olan en eski spor organizasyonudur. Kırkpınar Güreşlerinin Edirne ekonomisi açısından sosyo-ekonomik etkileri bulunmaktadır.Bu araştırmanın öncelikli amacı Kırkpınar Güreşleri’nin Edirne ekonomisine etkilerini incelemektir. Buna ilaveten 643 yıldır Edirne’de süregelen geleneksel Kırkpınar Güreşlerinin bölgesel kalkınmaya yansımaları araştırılmıştır. Sınır kenti olan Edirne’ye yönelik katkısı, güreşleri izlemeye gelen 1068 kişi ile yapılan anket soruşturması ile belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Kültürel turizmin ve Kırkpınar Güreşlerinin Edirne ekonomisine etkileri istatistiksel olarak incelenecektirÖğe Comparison of public and non-public SMEs' corporate governance strategies in Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Gunay, Gulsevim Yumuk; Apak, SudiSmall and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are very important for economic development. If proper corporate governance strategies are implemented by SMEs, their growth opportunities are expected to increase. In order to understand the impact of proper corporate governance strategies of SMEs, public and non-public companies are compared. In this study, corporate governance scores for nine public and nine non-public SMEs are calculated. It is found that only three of the public SMEs and none of the non-public SMEs had adequate corporate governance score which is based on Capital Market Board of Turkey's corporate governance principles about stakeholders. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Öğe Ekonomik Büyümenin Anlamlığı ve Gelişmişlik: Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme(2007) Apak, Sudi; Uçak, AyhanBu çalışmada, ekonomik büyümenin ülke gelişme süreci üzerindeki yeterliliği sorgulanmaktadır. Bunun için, anlamlı bir ekonomik büyümenin özellikleri ve diğer makroekonomik büyüklükler ile ilişkisi ortaya konacaktır. Bu durum açıklanırken, Türkiye ekonomisi bir örnek olarak ele alınmaktadır.Öğe Financial risk management in renewable energy sector: Comparative analysis between the European Union and Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, GungorRenewable energy is clean sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. Renewable energy sector plays a very important role in the strategic energy planning process in any country. Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and workmanship to build and maintain the facilities, rather than on costly energy imports. In this context, renewable energy provides innovative, cost effective renewable energy risk management and insurance programmes, helping this increasingly competitive industry meet the challenges it faces. At the same time, the speed of change in renewable energy technology requires specialists able to provide expert risk advice and insurance broking services. Meanwhile, focus on the renewable energy sector has never been higher, with governments around the world setting tough targets for the amount of energy provided by renewable sources. The main aim of this paper is to examine the financial risk management instruments that are evolving to meet the needs of the renewable energy sector in both the EU and Turkey. Finally, we provide the research findings according to our objective and discuss their managerial and theoretical implications related to renewable energy investments. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility 7th International Strategic Management ConferenceÖğe Global competitiveness in the EU through green innovation technologies and knowledge production(Elsevier Science Bv, 2015) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanIn information age, technological innovation rather than investment per se become the main source of increased productivity, the major tool of economic competition in the world market. From the public perspective, government programs can rely on technological innovation in order to increase the quality of goods produced. However this introduces another types of market failure since the distribution of production costs is not efficient. Thus, a public firm may be a useful policy instrument, although with certain limitations. On the other hand; knowledge can be created by individual or group action. Technological knowledge accumulation is commonly accepted as a vital force of economic development. This paper presents a research related to the knowledge production processe as the basic requirements of the green innovation activities especially and the international competitiveness. Quality of products is considered as the best guarantee for long-term competitiveness of firms and countries. Innovations are much more regionally concentrated than other economic activities and they are clustered within certain sectors and locations. The main aim of the work is to draw a picture of the EU countries performances at the sector level in terms of innovative green technology, economic productivity and environmental efficiency. In addition, the paper draws a conclusion that competitiveness factors change according to type of sectors or economic structures of the EU countries. This gives us some clues; why the green innovation and technologies considered as the important stages for the companies that seek to gain international the competitiveness in global markets. Now that EU integration is entering its ultimate economic and monetary union phase, we conclude that EU policy should start to reassess the needs for a green technology policy institutional framework more directly aimed at removing the remaining European barriers to knowledge distribution. Finally, specific sector performances such as innovative, environmental, and economic, are crucial to the future competitiveness and achievement of environmental targets in the EUÖğe Global Innovation and Knowledge Management Practice in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey and the Balkans(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanIn today's changing world innovation management is becoming one of the key drivers for change and competitive advantage within industry. SMEs need to respond rapidly to these emerging changes so as to fulfill their customer needs more rapidly. The key component of a knowledge economy is a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources. We provide evidence drawn from patent data to document and upsurge in knowledge production and show that this expansion is driven by the emergence of new industries. Economic and political relations between Balkan countries and Turkey are so important that their common socio-cultural values come from their history. Therefore, Turkey and Balkans have not stepped into knowledge economy yet. In order to achieve this, they have to accomplish their economy and should not miss the importance of the knowledge economy. In this context, the Balkans has always been at a crossroads of different cultures and civilizations, where different religions and people have existed side by side. Economically, the Balkan states are relatively small entities. Balkan countries are at different levels of democratic transformation and their per capita GDPs range from less than 2000 Euro to around 7000 Euro. The purpose of this article is to investigate knowledge management practice in Turkey and the Balkans. Knowledge-based economic approach becomes the main development leverage for the global economy that a challenge for these regions is realizing the 'new value' of knowledge. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Öğe The impact of purchasing power parity on auto foreign trade(Springer, 2009) Metin, Nurcan; Apak, SudiIn this study, the validity of the assumption saying that the import and export are a function of prices as in the classical, neo-classical approaches is studied within the framework of the import and export of automobile vehicles between 1997 and 2003 in Turkey and the EU countries which are automobile manufacturers. The price here is considered as the purchasing power parity. The effect of the purchasing power parity on the automobile import and export is determined by using classical models with constant coefficients, and fixed and random effects models with constant slope coefficients and a constant term differing according to units and/or time. The models comprise balanced linear panel data models. The likelihood ratio test and F-test are used in the selection of fixed effects and classical models; and the Lagrange multiplier test is used in the selection of random effects and classical models. As for the selection of fixed and random effects models, the Hausman test is used. As a result of these tests, the fixed effects models covering both individual and time effects are selected as the most appropriate import and export models.Öğe İnşaat Sektöründe Nakit Yönetimi(2007) Apak, Sudi; Tunalı, EsmaFinans ve finansal yönetim, işletmeler için gerekli olan fonların sağlanması, korunması ve etkin olarak kullanılması anlamına gelmektedir. Döner varlık anlamında çalışma sermayesi, nakitten stoklara ve alacaklara, buradan tekrar nakite dönüş süresini göstermektedir. Nakit yönetiminde, işletme değerini maksimum kılmak yönünde hareket edilirken, işletmeye olan nakit girişlerinin biran önce işletme hesaplarına ulaşması, nakit çıkışlarının da mümkün olduğunca ertelenmesinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. İşletmeler uygun nakit yönetimi tekniklerini kullanarak ek tasarruf sağlayabilmektedirler. Bunların yanında yatırımcılar, yatırıma yönelirken, elde edebilecekleri getirinin yanında katlanacakları riski de göz ardı etmemelidirler. İnşaat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren şirketlerin temel amacı, her projenin kar merkezi olması, nakit, alacak, stok ve kredi yönetiminin optimal yapılmasıdır. İnşaat şirketlerinde her şantiye otonom bir yapıya sahip olup, merkezi denetime tabii olmalıdır. Nakit yönetimi de bu kapsamda proje yöneticilerinin dikkate almaları gereken bir sorumluluktur.Öğe İstanbul'un Finans Merkezi Olması Projesinin Değerlendirilmesi(2008) Apak, Sudi; Elverici, Görkemİstanbul’un finans merkezi olması konusunda Türkiye Bankalar Birliği tarafından Deloitte Danışmanlık A.Ş.’ye bir çalışma yaptırılmıştır. İstanbul’un bölgede büyük bir metropol olması ve tarihi avantajları nedeni ile bu fikir finansçılardan destek görmektedir. İstanbul’un finans merkezi olma projesi kapsamında yapılan çalışmalar nitelikli işgücü, gelir yaratma potansiyeli, imaj, yasal ortam, politik ve ekonomik istikrar, mali ortam, düzenleyici çerçeve, altyapı, iş yapma kolaylığı, yaşam tarzı ve iş yapma maliyeti açılarından değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca mevcut bankalar kanunu ve uygulamalarının bu hedefi engellediği görülmektedir. AB’ye uyum çerçevesinde yapılacak çalışmalar ve Türkiye’nin hızlı hareket etmesi bu hedefe ulaşmada en önemli araç olacaktır.Öğe A look at the EU countries' carbon dioxide emissions and Turkey's sustainable industrial growth(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanThe relationship between energy and sustainable economic growth has always been close. Sustainable industrial growth has a strong focus on greening industry through six priority action lines, including technologies for clean production, bin-based product markets and sustainable raw material use. In this context, the environmental industry has been identified as one of the most promising areas of specialization and green technologies are at the core of the areas which should lay the foundation of the new industrial revolution in the European Union. Renewable energy, nowadays also used as alternative energy, is the new phenomenon on the way for sustainable industrial development and for an environmentally integrated energy policy. It is also the most probable way for the EU countries to meet their Kyoto targets when producing energy. Most environmental technology investment projects come from the renewable energy industry, followed by the industtial machinery industry, the electronic components industry and the turbines and engines industry. The EU is a major host of green technology projects with a share of 46% in 2011. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy use in Turkey is expected to double over the next decade, while electricity demand growth is expected to increase at an even faster pace. Meeting this level of growth will require significant industrial investment in the renewable energy sector, much of which will come from the private sector. Recently, renewable energy awareness has made great strides both in the EU and Turkey. Therefore, the import-substitution development strategy followed up to 1980 was designed to make Turkey an independent producer of manufactured goods. Meanwhile, one of the potential negative sides of industrialization in Turkey would be significant increase in CO(2)emissions. Finally, the main objective of the paper is to investigate how to allocate sustainable industrial sources to effectively meet targets of environmental protection in the EU and its candidate member Turkey.(C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.Öğe A new housing finance model for the base of the pyramid: The case of Turkey(Academic Journals, 2011) Apak, Sudi; Gunay, Suleyman GokhanThere is no solid housing finance model that will solve the shelter needs of low-income household groups who do not have adequate capital to buy houses in developing countries and work properly during an economic crisis. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new housing finance model that will function even during a financial or an economic crisis for the base of the pyramid (low-income households) in developing countries. A scenario analysis is conducted based on the current inflation and interest rates in Turkey in order to test the housing finance model. It is found in the simulations that the model works properly for low-income households in Turkey during a financial or an economic crisis.Öğe New innovative activities in renewable energy technologies and environmental policy: evidence from an EU candidate country(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, GungorInnovative products, services, and business models can benefit the environment by reducing the pressure on natural resources and/or the emission of pollutants. At the same time, environmentally friendly innovation can foster economic development. It is likely that to solve an environmental problem like climate change, which is caused by emissions from virtually all economic sectors, we need innovations that can be of relevance to multiple sectors or the whole economy as well as systemic innovations requiring complementary changes rather than autonomous ones. Our goal in this article is to answer the following research questions: what are the institutional factors that facilitate the diffusion of an international management standard in the area of the renewable energy? The most desirable task of all the economies perhaps is to strive for environmentally sustainable economic growth. In this context, renewable energy will be the mainstream source of the EU's energy supply by 2050. Turkey has great potential in terms of renewable energy sources. However, public and political support is missing. The other unwanted situation is that although Turkey consumes less energy than EU countries, we have a huge population and high economic development. The management of energy demand should be strictly taken into consideration. Regarding the policy effects, the paper examines renewable energy policies of the EU and Turkey as a candidate country. Finally, the paper argues that Turkey has to make renewable energy the mainstream source of its energy system.Öğe An overview of GDP and internet banking relations in the European Union versus China(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Atay, Erhan; Apak, SudiAfter 1995 the Internet diffused rapidly throughout the world economy. A strong banking sector is important to every country to stimulate economic growth and maintain financial stability for the whole financial system. Hence, information and technological revolution motivated banks to spend more on technology to maximize return and attract more customers who will not accept less than above-average services. The European Union has long sought to create a single financial area across Europe where consumers in one country benefit from banking sector in other countries. With the emergence of the Internet as a platform for the provision of e-banking services, the creation of a pan-European market for banking services appeared a realistic proposition. Moreover, in spite of the long-term profitability challenges, most major banks in EU have invested and are still investing in providing Internet banking services as a new cost-effective delivery channel, driven by cost reduction, market share increase and customer retention targets. Therefore, the Chinese banking industry is not generally well understood since it had enjoyed a strong government protection from foreign competitors over a long period of time. Although internet banking in China has experienced a significant growth in the past for several years, it is still regarded in its early stage of development compared to the internet banking adoption and utilization rate in the developed nations. Finally, good economic conditions affect banking sector performance positively. The bank should benefit from conditions associated with economic boom as possible to mitigate the negative effects that may be faced by the bank during the economic recession. In the light of these facts, this paper discusses how the Internet is creating new applications for banking services. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
